219 reports posted since January 1st, 2009

Exploratory Evaluation Of Filament-Wound Composites For Tankage Of Rocket Oxidizers And Fuels (Report posted 11/18/2009)

Report Number: AFML TR 65-381
Author(s): Sanger, M. J.; Molho, R.; Howard, W. W.
Corporate Author: Aerojet-General Corporation
Laboratory: Air Force Materials Laboratory
Publication Date: 1/1/1966
Pages: 194
Features: + Diagram(s) + Drawing(s) + Foldout(s) + Graph(s) + Photo(s) + Table(s)
Contract: AF 33(615)-1671
Project: 7381
Task: 738101
AD Number: AD0477455
Photo Enhancement: Complete

Abstract Text:

This work was undertaken to provide information on materials and fabrication techniques for the design of filament-wound tankage for storable propellants, and to define a space experiment for validating the recommended materials and techniques. Resins and liner materials were studied, under accelerated exposure conditions, in the unreinforced form and as composites. Fabrication techniques were evaluated, and dynamic tests of subscale tankage were conducted. The environmental tests indicated that the materials and fabrication techniques selected for the tankage produced satisfactory filament-wound containers for storable propellants. A technique developed for bonding a metallic liner to the filament-wound chamber provided a solution to the problem of strain compatibility under pressure cycling at optimum strain levels for glass-filament-reinforced structures. Designs were developed for a prototype tank, and analysis showed that a spheroidal configuration with a length-to-diameter ratio of 1.0 was acceptable from the standpoint of space limitations and weight economy. A space experiment was defined for use in determining the efficiency of a filament-wound storable propellant tank over a period of 1 year in an earth-orbit environment.

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Shielded Ceramic Composite Structure (Report posted 11/9/2009)

Report Number: AFML TR 65-331
Author(s): Kummer, Donald L.; Rosenthal, Jerome J.; Lum, David W.
Corporate Author: McDonnell Aircraft Corp St Louis MO
Laboratory: Air Force Materials Laboratory
Publication Date: 10/1/1965
Pages: 412
Features: + Diagram(s) + Drawing(s) + Graph(s) + Photo(s) + Table(s)
Contract: AF 33(657)-10996
Project: 7997
Task: None Given
AD Number: AD0475002
Photo Enhancement: Complete

Abstract Text:

Alumina, zirconia, and thoria were selected for use in composite ceramic heat shields for the leading surfaces of lifting orbital re-entry vehicles. Coated columbium and molybdenum were selected for substructure materials. Commercially available low and high density alumina, zirconia, and thoria ceramics were evaluated for thermal shock resistance; and many high density, but no low density ceramics were found to be satisfactory. A sintered low density (95 lb/ft^3) thermal shock resistace zirconia was developed, but it was difficult to reproducibly manufacture. A sintered low density (125 lb/ft^3) thoria was developed that had low thermal shock resistance but could be reproducibly manufactured. Chemically bonded low and high density thermal shock resistant varieties of alumina, zirconia, and thoria were developed. Thermophysical properties were determined to temperatures as high as 4500 F for the ceramics utilized in this project. Analytical techniques were derived for predicting the thermal stress behavior of ceramics. Twenty-two subscale heat shield modules and three full size components were designed, fabricated and environmentally tested. The full size components were a 3.0 inch radius, 3400F leading edge; a 1.5 inch radius, 4000F leading edge; anda 6.0 radius, 5000F nose cap. The ceramic phase densities for these components were 57 lb/ft^, 97 lb/ft^3, and 166 lb/ft^3 respectively. Satisfactory techniques were developed for processing, fabricating, and assembling ceramic heat shields. Typical launch vibration and acoustical environmental conditions were not found to be critical, but re-entry thermal environment was found to be very critical. A MAPP-0X thermal test facility was developed for full scale testing. The 1.5 inch radius leading edge survived thermal testing although testing was prematurely terminated due to a test fixture failure. During thermal testing, the 3.0 inch readius leading edge cracked but remained intact and did not spall; and the 6.0 inch radius nose cap underwent severe surface erosion. These two failures were attributed to a combination of design and material shortcomings and the severity of the MAPP-0X thermal test environment.

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Surface And Interfacial Effects In Relation To Brittleness In Refractory Metals (Report posted 11/4/2009)

Report Number: AFML TR 65-226
Author(s): Fourdeux, A.; Rueda, F.; Votava, E.; Wronski, A.
Corporate Author: Union Carbide European Research Associates
Laboratory: Air Force Materials Laboratory
Publication Date: 4/1/1966
Pages: 154
Features: + Diagram(s) + Drawing(s) + Graph(s) + Photo(s) + Table(s)
Contract: AF 61(052)-774
Project: 7351
Task: 735101
AD Number: AD0486445
Photo Enhancement: Complete

Abstract Text:

An experimental program was conducted to compare the mechanical properties of high purity and impure niobium and the mechanical properties of high purity tungsten, both in polycrystalline and single crystal forms. Slip in high purity niobium takes place on the (110) planes in the (111) directions and yielding is governed by the conservative motion of jogs in screw dislocations, rather than by the unlocking of dislocations from the interstitial impurity cloud. Between the upper and lower yield points there is a sudden generation of a large number of dislocations by double cross-slip mechanism. High purity niobium has greater ductility, higher uniform elongation, increased work hardening, but lower strength than impure niobium. Further, it has a yield point in the temperature range 20 C to 800 C. Appreciable ductility can be achieved at room temperature in commercially pure tungsten, but the mechanical properties are strongly orientation dependent. The ductile-to-brittle transition temperature is about 100 C higher sintered material than in melted material which is of coarser gran size and probably higher purity. Very high purity polycrystalline tungsten was found to show some ductility down to -196 C in the recrystallization condition. However, the fracture process is controlled to a considerable extent by grain boundaries in the temperature range +200 C to -196 C.

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Micromechanics Of Fiber-Reinforced Composites (Report posted 11/4/2009)

Report Number: AFML TR 65-283
Author(s): Alexander, E. L.; Caputo, A. A.; Prado, M. E.; Hilzinger, J. E.
Corporate Author: Rocketdyne Canoga Park Calif Research Dept
Laboratory: Air Force Materials Laboratory
Publication Date: 11/1/1965
Pages: 168
Features: + Graph(s) + Photo(s) + Table(s)
Contract: AF 33(615)-1627
Project: None Given
Task: None Given
AD Number: AD0623644
Photo Enhancement: Complete

Abstract Text:

Research on the micromechanical behavior of composites reinforced with boron and other fibers is reported. A wide variety of reinforcing elements were used in photoelastic matrix materials to form beams, plates, and three-dimensional microspecimens of varied configurations. The effects of reinforcing element modulus and elongation were investigated in beams in four- and three-point loading. The degree of stiffening derived from various filament reinforcing materials was defined, and different failure mechanisms were investigated. Reinforced plates were biaxially tested, and fiber unbonding, buckling, and the subsequent stress redistribution were observed photoelastically. Significant advances in microphotoelasticity are reported. Very small specimens were loaded, and sharp microscopic photoelastic stress patterns (including induced flaw points) were photographed. The filament configurations represent typical laminate geometries, and small flaws were seen to have a remarkably wide field of influence.

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Development Of Manufacturing Methods For Producing Pyrolytic Graphite In Various Shapes And Structures (Report posted 10/30/2009)

Report Number: AFML TR 67-344
Author(s): Clark, Thomas J.
Corporate Author: General Electric Co Detroit Mi Metallurgical Products Dept
Laboratory: Air Force Materials Laboratory
Publication Date: 11/1/1967
Pages: 612
Features: + Diagram(s) + Drawing(s) + Foldout(s) + Graph(s) + Photo(s) + Table(s)
Contract: AF 33(615)-3136
Project: None Given
Task: None Given
AD Number: AD0824697
Photo Enhancement: Complete

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Life Estimate Of Fatigue Sensitive Structures (Report posted 10/26/2009)

Report Number: ML TDR 64-300
Author(s): Freudenthal, A. M.
Corporate Author: Ohio State Univ Research Foundation Columbus
Laboratory: Air Force Materials Laboratory
Publication Date: 9/1/1964
Pages: 11
Contract: AF 33(657)-8741
Project: 7351
Task: 735106
AD Number: AD0608073
Photo Enhancement: Not Needed

Abstract Text:

By defining fatigue failure as an ultimate load failure of a structure damaged in fatigue by operational loads, the estimate of fatigue life can be reduced to that of a mean return period of an ultimate load type of failure for which statistical methods of safety analysis have already been developed. By applying such methods in conjunction with a simple fatigue damage function the fatigue sensitivity of a structure can be evaluated in terms of the ratio of the return periods of fatigue failure and ultimate load failure, as suggested in WADD Technical Report 61-53, July 1961.

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Pyrolytic Coating Of Carbon Filaments (Report posted 10/26/2009)

Report Number: ML TDR 64-297
Author(s): Zeitsch, K. J.; Higgs, P. H.
Corporate Author: Union Carbide Corp Lawrenceburg Tenn
Laboratory: Air Force Materials Laboratory
Publication Date: 11/1/1964
Pages: 151
Features: + Diagram(s) + Graph(s) + Photo(s) + Table(s)
Contract: AF 33(657)-11297
Project: 7350
Task: 735002
AD Number: AD0608764
Photo Enhancement: Complete

Abstract Text:

A continuous process has been developed to coat the individual filaments of graphite yarn with pyrolytic graphite. The pyrolytic coating increased the strengthto-weight ratio of the filaments by a factor of 1.3 and acted as a sizing on the yarn to make weaving easier. Tapes woven from the coated yarn showed a load distribution factor as high as 0.9. On the basis of these studies, suggestions for extensions of this work are made.

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Development Of Dies For Extrusion Of Complex Shapes Of Steel And Refractory Alloys (Report posted 10/26/2009)

Report Number: ML TDR 64-295
Author(s): Hunt, J. G.; Klein, J. L.; Siergiej, J. M.
Corporate Author: Nuclear Metals Div Textron Inc West Concord Mass
Corp. Rep. Number: NMI-9700.24
Laboratory: Air Force Materials Laboratory
Publication Date: 11/25/1964
Pages: 136
Features: + Diagram(s) + Drawing(s) + Photo(s) + Table(s)
Contract: AF 33(657)-8798
Project: 7946
AD Number: AD0608497
Photo Enhancement: Complete

Abstract Text:

The utility of massive ceramic dies for the precision high temperature extrusion of complex shapes of refractory metal alloys has been demonstrated. Precision extrusion of shaped structural steels through ceramic coated dies was gained by refinement and close control of extrusion parameters. Refractory ceramics of high compression strength like ZrO2 or TiC were found capable of extruding TZM molybdenum alloy at 3700F and 75 tsi producing 2.0 by 1.3 by 0.250 inch Tee sections in lengths up to at least fourteen feet with dimensional runout of less than three mils and surface smoothness of 63 rms. Ceramic coated dies, like Al203 coated tool steel, were found capable of extruding 4340 alloy steel at 2300F and about 50 tsi, producing 2.0 by 1.5 by 0.062 inch Tee sections in lengths up to at least forty feet with dimensional runout of less than four mils and surface smoothness of 125 rms. The performance of massive ceramic dies in TZM extrusion indicates that massive ceramic dies would produce steel extrusions superior to those obtained with ceramic coated steel dies.

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Precision Forging Program For Turbine Wheels And Gears (Report posted 10/26/2009)

Report Number: ML TDR 64-283
Author(s): Redlinger, Tobert W.; Timura, James A.
Corporate Author: TRW Inc Cleveland Ohio
Laboratory: Air Force Materials Laboratory
Publication Date: 10/1/1964
Pages: 124
Features: + Diagram(s) + Drawing(s) + Graph(s) + Photo(s) + Table(s)
Contract: AF 33(657)-8791
Project: 7930
AD Number: AD0607369
Photo Enhancement: Complete

Abstract Text:

The radial extrusion process has been developed and demonstrated to be feasible as a method for precision forging gears and turbine wheels with integral blades. A state-of-the-art survey indicated a need for an improved forming process to rapidly and economically fabricate the high temperature metals and superalloys into advanced aircraft and aerospace components. The development program initiated to fulfill these objectives included a single station screening phase to develop the process components and a full scale effort to fabricate and evaluate turbine wheels and gears. Results of the screening tests used to evaluate expendable materials for forging die inserts showed a high density alumina product to be most promising. Precision cast steel inserts performed satisfactorily as permanent type inserts. The success of using individual die inserts in a precision forging operation depended on a unique hydraulic closure mechanism which adapted the forging tooling in an 8000-ton mechanical press. The developed process was used to produce high quality turbine wheels with integral blades from several superalloys. Precision tolerances, excellent surface finish, and minimum stock removal were obtained by forging the material into individual die cavities having zero draft on the sides. The process was verified by the satisfactory metallurgical and mechanical properties obtained from the forgings produced during a prototype production run.

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Assessment Of The Effectiveness Of A Viscoelastic Damper On The Forced Vibrations Of A Stretched String (Report posted 10/26/2009)

Report Number: ML TDR 64-322
Author(s): Jones, D. I. G.
Corporate Author: Air Force Materials Lab Wright-Patterson AFB Ohio
Laboratory: AF Materials Laboratory
Publication Date: 10/1/1964
Pages: 12
Features: + Diagram(s) + Graph(s)
Contract: Laboratory Research - No Contract
Project: 7351
Task: 735106
AD Number: AD0608383
Photo Enhancement: Not Needed

Abstract Text:

The behavior of a dynamic damper in a simple structural environment is studied. The structural model used is a stretched string under harmonic loading at the ends. The aim of the analysis is to establish conditions under which maximum damping is obtainable. The unsymmetrical modes are undamped and the analysis is concerned only with the damping of the symmetrical modes.

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Fracture Toughness And Tear Tests (Report posted 10/13/2009)

Report Number: ML TDR 64-238
Author(s): None Given
Corporate Author: Boeing-North American (Joint Venture) Los Angeles CA
Laboratory: Air Force Materials Laboratory
Publication Date: 10/1/1964
Pages: 361
Features: + Diagram(s) + Graph(s) + Photo(s) + Table(s)
Contract: AF 33(657)-11461
Project: 648D
AD Number: AD0452827
Photo Enhancement: Complete

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Development Of Nondestructive Testing Methods For The Evaluation Of Thin And Ultrathin Sheet Materials (Report posted 10/13/2009)

Report Number: ML TDR 64-278
Author(s): Schmitz, G.; Wieczorek, A.; Levine, M.
Corporate Author: MRD Div General American Transportation Corp Niles IL
Laboratory: AF Materials Laboratory
Publication Date: 9/1/1964
Pages: 45
Features: + Diagram(s) + Graph(s) + Photo(s) + Table(s)
Contract: AF 33(657)-11228
Project: 7360
Task: 736002
AD Number: AD0608072
Photo Enhancement: Complete

Abstract Text:

Activity on the subject program for the first year is described, including a survey of literature, equipment, research efforts, and nondestructive testing needs. As a result of this survey, the second portion of the first year's activity was directed toward the development of thin sheet nondestructive test instrumentation in the field of high frequency eddy current equipment, Lamb wave ultrasonic techniques, and electrostatic testing techniques. The eddy current instrument operates at 5 Mc. with future work being planned for frequencies to 50 Mc. The Lamb wave techniques are directed toward finding material parameter variations and laminations in thin sheet. The electrostatic tests utilized thin nonconductive samples with application to ceramic coated refractories considered.

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Tungsten Extrusion Development Program (Report posted 10/13/2009)

Report Number: ML TDR 64-217
Author(s): Riesen, A. E.; Wang, C. T.; Worcester, S. A.
Corporate Author: Wah Chang Corp Albany Oreg
Laboratory: Materials Laboratory
Publication Date: 6/27/1963
Pages: 160
Features: + Graph(s) + Photo(s) + Table(s)
Contract: AF 33(600)-42395
Project: 7793
Task: None Given
AD Number: AD0605195
Photo Enhancement: Complete

Abstract Text:

Procedures were developed for preparation of tungsten-3 percent molybdenum extrusion billets by arc casting and by pressing and sintering. Round extrusions were made to evaluate die lubrication and die coatings in temperatures ranging from 3200F to 4000F at reduction ratios as high as 17:1. Efforts to obtain wrought extrusion billets by extruding large cast ingots at 2300F and 2.6:1 were not successful because longitudinal cracking developed in the extrusion. Efforts to meet program target dimensional and surface requirements with arc cast tungsten-3 percent molybdenum were unsuccessful. However, extruded tungsten 'T' sections up to 138 inches long having surface finishes better than 100 RMS and dimensional run-out within .010 inch were successfully produced from pressed and sintered starting material. The extrusion conditions necessary to achieve the program target dimensions resulted in a hot-worked microstructure which has a high ductile-brittle transition temperature and relatively low strength. Because of the undesirable microstructure achieved and the lack of requirement for tungsten extrusions of the target configuration, the program was terminated at the end of the Phase III effort.

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Technology Of New Devitrified Ceramics A Literature Review (Report posted 10/13/2009)

Report Number: ML TDR 64-203
Author(s): Emrich, Barry R.
Corporate Author: Air Force Materials Lab Wright-Patterson AFB Ohio
Laboratory: AF Materials Laboratory
Publication Date: 9/1/1964
Pages: 159
Features: + Graph(s) + Table(s)
Contract: Laboratory Research - No Contract
Project: 7381
Task: 738105
AD Number: AD0608217
Photo Enhancement: Not Needed

Abstract Text:

A comprehensive review of the worldwide open literature was made to assist the research and development engineer in future work and inform the applications engineer of the present uses and capabilities of devitrified ceramics. The devitrified ceramics of primary concern are those materials which are predominantly crystalline bodies produced by induced and controlled nucleation and crystallization of preformed glass articles. This study presents information on compositional and processing factors; fundamental phenomena; properties; the effects of crystal size, heat treatment, and composition on properties; and applications. It also includes selected abstracts. This documentary search concludes that devitrified ceramics are only in their infancy and that there is an urgent need for further development and understanding of fundamental characteristics in order to realize the full potential of these relatively new ceramic materials.

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Effect Of Testing System Stiffness On Fracture (Report posted 10/13/2009)

Report Number: ML TDR 64-150
Author(s): Weiss, V.; Grewal, K. S.; Sessler, J.
Corporate Author: Syracuse Univ N Y
Laboratory: Air Force Materials Laboratory
Publication Date: 4/1/1964
Pages: 41
Features: + Diagram(s) + Graph(s) + Photo(s) + Table(s)
Contract: AF 33(657)-11154
Project: 7350
Task: 735003
AD Number: AD0602158
Photo Enhancement: Complete

Abstract Text:

A preliminary study of the influence of testing system stiffness on the fracture of center-cracked sheet specimens of 7075-T6 aluminum indicated a noticeable effect of testing system stiffness on crack propagation in that decreasing the testing system stiffness resulted in the suppression of the slow or intermittent crack growth. A controlled experimental program on titanium RS 140 to study the interplay between specimen length and crack length, the two variables affecting the stiffness of the specimen, showed an effect of testing system stiffness on both crack propagation and fracture strength. Compliance curves, obtained with a specially designed compliance gage, showed a higher strain energy release rate for a given incremental crack growth dc in short specimens. The lower fracture strength observed in short specimens may be explained on this basis. Both energy and stress considerations of the effects of testing system stiffness are presented. An analysis of stiffness effects on crack propagation behavior is attempted.

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Study Of The Effect Of Superimposed Stress Concentrations (Report posted 10/13/2009)

Report Number: ML TDR 64-144
Author(s): Weiss, V.; Takimoto, A.; Sessler, J.
Corporate Author: Syracuse Univ N Y
Laboratory: Air Force Materials Laboratory
Publication Date: 4/1/1964
Pages: 41
Features: + Diagram(s) + Graph(s) + Photo(s) + Table(s)
Contract: AF 33(657)-11154
Project: 7350
Task: 735003
AD Number: AD0602825
Photo Enhancement: Complete

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Electrical Resistivity Of Niobiumzirconium Alloys Below 273.2 K (Report posted 10/13/2009)

Report Number: ML TDR 64-234
Author(s): Evans, Donald J.
Corporate Author: Air Force Materials Lab Wright-Patterson AFB Ohio
Laboratory: Air Force Materials Laboratory
Publication Date: 11/1/1964
Pages: 33
Features: + Diagram(s) + Graph(s) + Photo(s) + Table(s)
Contract: Laboratory Research - No Contract
Project: 7367
Task: 736703
AD Number: AD0609798
Photo Enhancement: Complete

Abstract Text:

An apparatus for measuring the electrical resistivity of materials from 4.2K up to 273.2K was constructed and used to test niobium zirconium alloys of the following compositions: Nb + 15% Zr, Nb + 25% Zr, Nb + 33% Zr, and Nb + 50% Zr. It was found that the temperature dependence of the electrical resistivity in these alloys is approximately linear, with Matthiessen's Rule holding for the lower concentrations. The residual electrical resistivity is shown to depend linearly on zirconium concentration.

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Materials Design Handbook: Division, I Structural Plastics (Report posted 10/5/2009)

Report Number: ML TDR 64-141
Author(s): Grove, C. S., Jr.; Pray, R. Ford, III
Corporate Author: Syracuse Univ Research Inst N Y
Laboratory: AF Materials Laboratory
Publication Date: 5/1/1964
Pages: 182
Features: + Diagram(s) + Drawing(s) + Graph(s) + Photo(s) + Table(s)
AD Number: AD0604860
Photo Enhancement: Complete

Abstract Text:

The purpose of this technical documentary report is to partially satisfy the need for a design handbook specifically tailored for structural plastic applications in aerospace vehicles for the Air Force. This first edition contains a preliminary collection of technical data and information on these materials. The format and organization has been developed, based on consultation with a wide variety of industrial and government concerns, to be rapidly useable and concise. Information presented is categorized into seven Manuals discussing topics such as material properties, theoretical analysis, design procedures, processing and testing.

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Flexible Fibrous Structural Materials (Report posted 9/28/2009)

Report Number: ML TDR 64-102
Author(s): Coplan, M. J.; Freeston, W. D., Jr.; Platt, M. M.
Corporate Author: Fabric Research Labs Inc Boston MA
Laboratory: AF Materials Laboratory
Publication Date: 2/1/1964
Pages: 143
Features: + Diagram(s) + Drawing(s) + Graph(s) + Photo(s) + Table(s)
Contract: AF 33(657)-10541
Project: 7320
Task: 732002
AD Number: AD0447821
Photo Enhancement: Complete

Abstract Text:

The objective of this program is the development and evaluation of fibrous structural materials exhibiting good flexibility and high strength at temperatures from cryogenic to 2000 F. The weight, permeability, flexural rigidity, wrinkle recovery, tensile properties, tear strength, and fold endurance at 70 F of a fabric woven from a multifilament yarn composed of 0.0005-inch-diameter nickel-chromium alloy wire are given. The high-speed impact properties of a metal yarn, an HT-1 yarn and an HT-1 yarn wrapped with metal yarn are also given. A preliminary investigation of the joining of panels of metal fabric by sewing is discussed. The properties of coreless cord braided from halfmil and one mil wire are given. Metal yarns textured by the various textile texturing processes are evaluated. A preliminary investigation of metal filaments blended with other fibers is discussed. The tensile properties at temperatures from 70 F of a series of graphite and carbon-based fabrics are given.

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Thermal And Gamma Radiation Behavior Of Dyed Nomex Yarns (Report posted 9/25/2009)

Report Number: ML TDR 64-77
Author(s): McGrath, Joyce C.
Corporate Author: Air Force Materials Lab Wright-Patterson AFB Ohio
Laboratory: AF Materials Laboratory
Publication Date: 4/1/1964
Pages: 22
Features: + Graph(s) + Table(s)
Contract: Laboratory Research - No Contract
Project: 7320
Task: 732001
AD Number: AD0601573
Photo Enhancement: Not Needed

Abstract Text:

This program involved a comparative study of natural and dyed 100-denier yarns of Nomex (a high temperature resistant fiber formerly known as HT-1) was made to determine if the inclusion of color in the solution before fiber formation changes or affects the strength or temperature resistant properties of the yarns after exposure to temperatures up to 600F and/or gamma radiation. A variation in data was obtained between the dyed yarns and the natural color yarns; however this is believed due to a variation in the yarns and not the color process. The color sealed yarns were furnished in very small experimental quantities with zero twist while the natural yarns were furnished from a contract item and had producer's twist. At the higher temperatures, all the yarns had a tendency to become somewhat brittle and fray out. Elongation properties were more readily affected by high temperature and/or gamma radiation than the strength properties. All data obtained for the color sealed yarns, after exposure to high temperature and/or gamma radiation, indicates that the color sealing process has not adversely affected the strength and high temperature resistant characteristics of the Nomex yarns.

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Principles Affecting High Strength To Density Composites With Fibers Or Flakes (Report posted 9/25/2009)

Report Number: ML TDR 64-85
Author(s): Bradstreet, S. W.
Corporate Author: Air Force Materials Lab Wright-Patterson AFB Ohio
Laboratory: AF Materials Laboratory
Publication Date: 5/1/1964
Pages: 43
Features: + Graph(s) + Table(s)
Contract: Laboratory Research - No Contract
Project: 7381
Task: 738105
AD Number: AD0603308
Photo Enhancement: Not Needed

Abstract Text:

The high strength of thin metallic and inorganic fibers, whiskers, and flakes can be exploited if they are properly protected and bonded together by a suitable adhesive or matrix material. The principles which appear to influence the strength of thin specimens and their mechanical behavior in such a matrix are reviewed. Qualitative attention is given to series and parallel failure mechanisms in the fibers, to the description of brittle behavior, to bonding and the mechanisms of stress transfer, and to testing methods and evaluations. Semi-quantitative relations are adduced to suggest optimization of mechanical properties, and composites containing SiC are discussed to illustrate these relations. On the basis of the principles discussed, suggestions are made for selecting future composite materials and designing them for specific applications.

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Metal-Ceramic Structural Composite Materials (Report posted 9/25/2009)

Report Number: ML TDR 64-83
Author(s): Vogan, J. W.; Trumbull, J. L.
Corporate Author: Boeing Co Seattle Wash
Laboratory: Air Force Materials Laboratory
Publication Date: 6/1/1964
Pages: 129
Features: + Diagram(s) + Drawing(s) + Graph(s) + Photo(s) + Table(s)
Contract: AF 33(616)-7815
Project: 7381
Task: 738102
AD Number: AD0604685
Photo Enhancement: Complete

Abstract Text:

Thoria and magnesia bodies were developed for use in metal-ceramic composites. Good thermal shock resistance was imparted to these bodies through control of particle size distribution. Magnesia was sintered at 2200F and thoria at 2800F. Plasma and oxyacetylene torch tests developed to evaluate these materials and similar zirconia composites showed that magnesia and zirconia can be used to 4600F and thoria to 5400F. A magnesia foam backing was developed for use with composites to reduce heat transfer to the substructure with a minimum gain in overall weight. Platinum and Inconel honeycomb were selected for use as a metal reinforcement for these bodies to produce material systems suitable for use in high heat flux applications such as the nose cap of a glide re-entry vehicle. Leading-edge configuration samples prepared from magnesia with Inconel honeycomb reinforcements were fabricated.

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Thermal Protection Systems. Application Research Of Materials Properties And Structural Concepts (Report posted 9/25/2009)

Report Number: ML TDR 64-82
Author(s): Hurwicz, Henryk; Mascola, Robert
Corporate Author: Avco Corp Wilmington Mass Research And Advanced Development Div
Laboratory: AF Materials Laboratory
Publication Date: 1/1/1965
Pages: 690
Features: + Diagram(s) + Foldout(s) + Graph(s) + Photo(s) + Table(s)
Contract: AF 33(616)-7483
Project: 7381
Task: 738101
AD Number: AD0611772
Photo Enhancement: Complete

Abstract Text:

Pertinent factors affecting the function of thermal protection systems are reviewed with emphasis on glide re-entry applications. Review is made and new information is generated in the areas of: (1) system, material, and design performance criteria needed for evaluation, (2) methods and techniques necessary for experimental and theoretical acquisition of the necessary parameters, (3) correlation of data to present information for the material selection and development effort, and protection system design use, (4) design and development techniques for built-up shield - structure components (vehicle sizing), and (5) basic mechanisms of heat and mass transfer associated with the mode of heat absorption or dissipation and of load carrying and transmission capacity.

Selection of significant parameters for materials and overall thermal protection systems is made. Parametric studies are conducted to provide information for the designer and materials developer for several systems of interest, while correlation methods and techniques are developed. Effort is devoted to the examination of Q* concept for radiation ablation systems. Experimental techniques and facilities are improved and modified and experiments are conducted to permit meaningful determination of performance criteria needed for materials ranking, and to extend the knowledge of material behavior. A rapid, inexpensive and accurate thermal design method is developed for sizing and parametric studies. Environmental factors and structural effects in the aero-thermo-structural interface are studied. Design and development techniques are established or clarified for initial sizing of the vehicle and methods provided for final design. The dependence of the thermal protection system design on aerodynamic environment for a flight corridor and a range of load carrying substructures is shown, while desirable material characteristics to strive for in material development effort may be deduced from the parametric studies.

Systematic means for material and system selection are provided for radiative system, radiative systems with subsidiary mass transfer (ablation), and for combinations of above systems with forced backface cooling. Forced transpiration system (mass injection) and plastic impregnated matrix are investigated.

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Application And Evaluation Of Reinforced Refractory Ceramic Coatings (Report posted 9/25/2009)

Report Number: ML TDR 64-81
Author(s): Kallup, Charles, Jr.; Sklarew, Samuel; Castner, Stanley V.
Corporate Author: Marquardt Corp Van Nuys Calif
Laboratory: Air Force Materials Laboratory
Publication Date: 6/1/1964
Pages: 122
Features: + Photo(s) + Table(s)
Contract: AF 33(616)-8209
Project: 7381
Task: 738101
AD Number: AD0604423
Photo Enhancement: Complete

Abstract Text:

Metal reinforced refractory ceramic coating systems have been developed to successfully withstand temperatures in excess of 4000F while providing insulative values for the supporting substructure. Eighty coating compositions were formulated and thermally evaluated in the plus 4000F range. Refractory coating of model nose cones and leading edges has been accomplished by utilizing a vibratory casting technique and the feasibility of this approach has been demonstrated. Twelve small scale leading edge models and six small scale nose cone models were coated in addition to one 500 square inch leading edge and one 500 square inch nose cone model. Thicknesses ranged from 0.3 to 0.75 inch. Mechanical data and thermophysical properties of an advanced coating system were obtained. An up-to-date bibliography of reinforced refractory ceramic systems and allied subjects is included.

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Evaluation Of High Temperature Materials Systems With An Arc-Plasma-Jet (Report posted 9/24/2009)

Report Number: ML TDR 64-73
Author(s): Smith, Howard E.; Wurst, John C.
Corporate Author: Dayton Univ Ohio Research Inst
Laboratory: Air Force Materials Laboratory
Publication Date: 6/1/1964
Pages: 202
Features: + Diagram(s) + Drawing(s) + Graph(s) + Photo(s) + Table(s)
Contract: AF 33(616)-7838
Project: 7381
Task: 738103
AD Number: AD0604418
Photo Enhancement: Complete

Abstract Text:

A small arc-plasma-jet was suitably modified and utilized for the evaluation and screening of high temperature materials at heat flux levels ranging from 10 to 500 Btu/sq. ft-sec. A 'standard' evaluation procedure was employedto characterize a number of systems representing ablating, insulating, and heat sink type materials. Results of these tests are presented in terms of weight loss, density change, depth and volume of erosion, and front and back surface temperatures. A metallographic analysis of coating failures in the XLR-99 thrust chamber of the X-15 research aircraft and the subsequent development of a thermal shock test with the plasma-jet for sprayed ceramic coatings are discussed. The results of an extensive evaluation of protective coatings and the field test verification of these results are presented. Preliminary tests leading to the development of a dynamic oxidation test are discussed and the results of arc-plasma-jet tests of five silicide coatings on Mo-1/2% Ti are presented.

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Diffusion In Refractory Metals (Report posted 9/23/2009)

Report Number: ML TDR 64-61
Author(s): Rapperport, E. J.; Nerses, Victor; Smith, M. F.
Corporate Author: Textron Inc West Concord MA Nuclear Metals Div
Laboratory: Air Force Materials Laboratory
Publication Date: 3/1/1964
Pages: 187
Features: + Graph(s) + Table(s)
Contract: AF 33(616)-7382
Project: 7351
Task: 735101
AD Number: AD0440307
Photo Enhancement: Not Needed

Abstract Text:

Interdiffusion coefficients for the systems WRu, W-Ir, W-Rh, W-Pt, Cb-Cr and Mo-MoSi2 were calculated in the temperature range from 900 to 2100 C. Tables of interdiffusion coefficients for constituent compositions ranging from 99 to 1 at-% are presented.

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Tensile Strength Of Brittle Materials (Report posted 9/23/2009)

Report Number: ML TDR 64-49
Author(s): Sedlacek, R.
Corporate Author: Stanford Research Inst Menlo Park Calif
Laboratory: AF Materials Laboratory
Publication Date: 3/1/1964
Pages: 27
Features: + Diagram(s) + Photo(s) + Table(s)
Contract: AF 33(657)-10600
Project: 7350
Task: 735003
AD Number: AD0601127
Photo Enhancement: Complete

Abstract Text:

The tensile strength of a commercial, high alumina body was investigated by using hydraulically expanded cylindrical test specimens. Results were evaluated with respect to loading rate, surface finish, and microstructure. At various loading rates, uniform tensile strength data (coefficients of variation of less than 7.6 percent) were obtained in testing groups of specimens having the same fabrication history, while the differences in tensile strength between individual groups of specimens gave a measure of the over-all extent to which uncontrollable fabrication variables affect the tensile strength of alumina bodies

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Growth And Deformation Mechanisms In Single Crystal Spinel (Report posted 9/23/2009)

Report Number: ML TDR 64-284
Author(s): Palmour, Hayne, III; McBrayer, R. Douglas; Witter, David E.; Kriegel, W. Wurth
Corporate Author: North Carolina State Univ Raleigh
Laboratory: Air Force Materials Laboratory
Publication Date: 9/1/1964
Pages: 44
Features: + Photo(s)
Contract: AF 33(616)-7820
Project: 7350
Task: 735001
AD Number: AD0607778
Photo Enhancement: Complete

Abstract Text:

This final report of a program of research on growth and deformation processes in spinel includes a description of an R. F. plasma growth facility and its operation. The main conclusion from the growth experiments is that the instability of spinel at its melting point precludes the growth of large stoichiometric single crystals by direct fusion. Alternative techniques are discussed. The effect of heat treatment on the microindentation behavior and room temperature compressive strength of alumina-rich spinel single crystals is discussed. Some high temperature strength data on alumina-rich spinel are included.

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Ultrasonic Methods In The Study Of Deformation In Single Crystals (Report posted 9/23/2009)

Report Number: ML TDR 64-34
Author(s): Hikata, Akira; Anderson, George; Elbaum, Charles; Truell, Rohn
Corporate Author: Brown Univ Providence RI Metals Research Lab
Laboratory: Air Force Materials Laboratory
Publication Date: 3/1/1964
Pages: 54
Features: + Diagram(s) + Table(s)
Contract: AF 33(657-8324
Project: 7360
Task: 736002
AD Number: AD0606759
Photo Enhancement: Not Needed

Abstract Text:

The purpose of the investigation was that of understanding the physical changes which occur in aluminum and in certain ionic crystals during and after deformation. The investigation involved the study of imperfection behavior generally, and specifically the interaction of point defects with moving and vibrating dislocations, as well as the contribution of dislocations to the anharmonic characteristics of solids.

In the past year a hitherto unreported contribution of dislocations to the anharmonic behavior of solids was found. This effect was explained in terms of dislocation loop characteristics, in the prescence of an external static stress combined with an ultrasonic stress. Experiments on this effect were carried out as a function of static stress, dislocation loop length, crystallographic orientation, plastic deformation and ultrasonic stress amplitude. The results of these experiments are consistent with the proposed theory.

Experiments were carried out on the relation between changes of electrical conductivity and ultrasonic attenuation in alkali halides. The effects of plastic deformation and of temperature on this relation were studied. A different time dependence at a given temperature was found for the conductivity change and for the attenuation change following plastic deformation. This difference is interpreted in terms of dependence of conductivity changes on the consideration of point defects in the lattice and on the dependence of the attenuation change on the number of point defects reacting with dislocations.

Preliminary experiments were conducted on the temperature dependence of the magnitude and sign of the surface charge developed in alkali halides. The difference of potential between two surfaces of a specimen, maintained at different temperatures, was measured as a function of the temperature difference and of the average temperature. The results were studied in terms of charge distribution associated with thermal an chemical diffusion currents.

Experiments were carried out on the recovery of ultrasonic attenuation following plastic deformation and as a function of plastic strain. The recovery theory which predicts a dependence of attenuation on the 2/3 power of time was extended to include the case of overdamped dislocation vibrations. A mechanism for attenuation recovery which takes into account point defect migration to the dislocations, followed by the escape of these defects to sinks along the dislocations was considered in some detail.

An Automatic Recording Time Measurement Unit (ARTMU) has been developed as an aid in obtaining rapidly changing velocity data during dynamic experiments. The unit has a time resolution of 1 part in 2 x 10^5 and is useable at any ultrasonic frequency where two or more high stability echoes are available from the particular sample under investigation.

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Ultrasonic Wave Propagation And Interaction In Solid Materials1 (Report posted 9/23/2009)

Report Number: ML TDR 64-21 Part 2
Author(s): Rollins, F. R., Jr.
Corporate Author: Midwest Research Inst Kansas City M)
Publication Date: 4/1/1965
Pages: 35
Features: + Diagram(s) + Graph(s) + Table(s)
Contract: AF 33(657)-11006
Project: 7360
Task: 736002
AD Number: AD0464731
Photo Enhancement: Not Needed

Abstract Text:

Further exploration of ultrasonic beam interactions has been conducted and a review of the state-of-the-art is given. Improvement in the measurement of absolute intensities and an independent evaluation of the third- order elastic constants has permitted a fairly accurate comparison between theoretical predictions of intensity of interaction and experimental results. A four-beam interaction is also shown to be weaker than the previously observed three-beam interaction. A discussion is also directed toward the energy partition that occurs when ultrasonic beams impinge on a liquid-solid boundary. An ultrasonic goniometer is described for partial investigation of this energy partition. Experimental results are given for various metals and layered composites.

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Fantasia II And Triprod II - Shielding Codes For The IBM 7070 (Report posted 9/23/2009)

Report Number: ML TDR 64-52
Author(s): Steinberg, Herbert A.; Aronson, Raphael
Corporate Author: Control Data Corp Melville N Y TRG Div
Laboratory: AF Materials Laboratory
Publication Date: 4/1/1964
Pages: 76
Features: + Table(s)
Contract: AF 33(657)-8277
Project: 7360
Task: 736003
AD Number: AD0601012
Photo Enhancement: Not Needed

Abstract Text:

Two codes have been developed for the IBM 7090. FANTASIA II computes neutron transmission through laminated slab shields and slowing down density within the shields by Monte Carlo methods. TRIPROD II is a slowing down code suitable for shielding problems. These codes are based on FANTASIA and TRIPROD, shielding codes for the 1103A Univac. Throughout the text the II is omitted in reference to FANTASIA II and TRIPROD II. Operating instructions are included.

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Thermal Conductivity And Total Emissivity Measurements In The Temperature Range 1000-3000 C (Report posted 9/23/2009)

Report Number: ML TDR 64-59
Author(s): Hoch, Michael
Corporate Author: Cincinnati Univ Ohio
Laboratory: Air Force Materials Laboratory
Publication Date: 4/1/1964
Pages: 19
Features: + Table(s)
Contract: AF 33(616)-7123
Project: 7367
Task: 736704
AD Number: AD0601315
Photo Enhancement: Not Needed

Abstract Text:

The ratio of thermal conductivities and of thermal conductivities to total emissivities were measured for anisotropic ZT-type graphite in the temperature range 1000-2000 C. The emissivity of a sample changes even if it is stored at room temperature for a long time. To obtain the total emissivity of a material, the ratio of specific heat to total emissivity is determined for tantalum, tungsten, molybdenum, and niobium in the temperature range 1000-2000 C. In all cases, it is found that specific heat/total emissivity is a constant, independent of temperature. This permits an easy and accurate determination of the total emissivity of any material.

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Procedure For Evaluation Of Coated Refractory Alloys (Report posted 9/23/2009)

Report Number: ML TDR 64-70
Author(s): Levinstein, M. A.; Marble, J. D.
Corporate Author: General Electric Co Cincinnati Ohio
Laboratory: AF Materials Laboratory
Publication Date: 6/1/1964
Pages: 204
Features: + Diagram(s) + Graph(s) + Photo(s) + Table(s)
Contract: AF 33(616)-8154
Project: None Given
Task: None Given
AD Number: AD0604738
Photo Enhancement: Complete

Abstract Text:

Procedures for the evaluation of coated molybdenum and columbium alloys were investigated. A simple corrugated specimen was designed to determine the applicability of current coatings to a fabricated structure. Coated specimens were oxidation tested at 2500F up to 10 hours, and sectioned for metallographic examination and hardness determination. Dynamic oxidation tests were conducted using a gas-fired flame tunnel and a plasma test stand. Effects of the coatings and elevated temperature exposure on basis metal properties were established by combined stress, fatigue, and tensile tests. Coatings from six sources were investigated on the program. Based on the results obtained recommendations are made for the standardization of the applicability specimen and combined stress testing along with other mechanical tests for the evaluation of coated refractory metals.

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A Factor Analysis of Selected How-Mal Codes (Report posted 9/21/2009)

Report Number: AMRL TR 66-154
Author(s): William H. Pearson
Corporate Author: Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories
Laboratory: Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories
Publication Date: 12/1/1966
Pages: 21
Features: + Foldout(s) + Table(s)
Contract: Laboratory Research - No Contract
Project: 7184
Task: 718403
AD Number: AD0649569
Photo Enhancement: Not Needed

Abstract Text:

The report concerns the possibility of simplifying the Air Force's list of malfunction data-reporting codes (How-Mal Codes) given in AFM 66-1. Two complementary methods of approaching the problem, through analysis of the codes as reported, are illustrated using maintenance data from the T-37 aircraft. One analytical method involves a straightforward tabulation of the frequency-of-use of the various code words. The other method involves a mathematical technique (factor analysis) for identifying the basic 'factors' underlying the maintenance man's categorizations of malfunctions. Of 150 How-Mal code words, 43 accounted for 99% of the reports of malfunction tabulated on 180 mechanical components of the T-37 System. Ninety-five percent of the 62,387 malfunctions analyzed were accounted for by only 20 code words. The factor analysis suggests that as few as 16 code words may be sufficient to describe the 43 more common malfunctions. Further analyses are required, using these and other techniques and other systems, before specific recommendations can be made for simplifying the code through combining, reorganizing or grouping code words.

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Metabolism and Pharmacology of Inorganic and Fluorine Containing Compounds (Report posted 9/21/2009)

Report Number: AMRL TR 67-224
Author(s): Frank N. Dost; Donald J. Reed; Arthur Finch; Chih H. Wang
Corporate Author: Oregon State University
Laboratory: Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories
Publication Date: 8/1/1968
Pages: 102
Features: + Diagram(s) + Graph(s) + Table(s)
Contract: AF 33(615)-1799
Project: 6302
Task: 630202
AD Number: AD0681161
Photo Enhancement: Not Needed

Abstract Text:

Studies have been made of the toxicology and chemistry of nitrogen trifluoride, tetrafluorohydrazine, chlorine trifluoride, bromine pentafluoride, and oxygen difluoride. Lethality of each agent by inhalation has been determined, as well as estimates of lethality after intraperitoneal administration. Experimental evidence suggests that the lethal effect of interhalogens is by corrosive local destruction of pulmonary surfaces, resulting in failure of gas exchange. Oxygen difluoride is thought to pass intact into the pulmonary cells where it reacts with biochemical reducing systems to ultimately cause cell death and structural failure. The nitrogen fluorides both cause intrinsically lethal levels of methemoglobin formation, but other pharmacologic activity by these compounds or their derivatives may also contribute to their toxic activity.

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A Solid Electrolyts Carbon Dioxide Reduction System (Report posted 9/21/2009)

Report Number: AMRL TR 67-209
Author(s): Horace W. Chandler; Lawrence J. Howell
Corporate Author: Isomet Corporation
Laboratory: Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories
Publication Date: 1/1/1968
Pages: 92
Features: + Diagram(s) + Graph(s) + Table(s)
Contract: AF 33(615)-3320
Project: 6373
Task: 637302
AD Number: AD0672006
Photo Enhancement: Not Needed

Abstract Text:

Solid electrolyte cells utilizing a 90 mole percent Zr02(-10) mole percent Y203 electrolyte and platinum electrodes were used for the reduction of carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide and oxygen. Methods of fabricating multicell units were investigated and the performance of these units under a variety of temperature conditions and feed gas compositions was studied. Current efficiencies of these units were found to vary with temperature and current density when pure carbon dioxide was used as a feed. Multicell units were operated continuously for up to 750 hours with no evidence of cell deterioration. Studies on single-cell units were carried out to correlate cell polarization effects with feed gas composition, voltage and current density at a fixed temperature.

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Learner-Centered Instruction (LCI): Volume I - A Systems Approach to Electronics Maintenance Training (Report posted 9/21/2009)

Report Number: AMRL TR 67-208
Author(s): Horace H. Valverde
Corporate Author: Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories
Laboratory: Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories
Publication Date: 7/1/1968
Pages: 185
Features: + Diagram(s) + Photo(s) + Table(s)
Contract: Laboratory Research - No Contract
Project: None Given
Task: None Given
AD Number: AD0846721
Photo Enhancement: Complete

Abstract Text:

The report describes the proposed development and evaluation of a Learner-Centered (LCI) systems approach to electronics maintenance training. An electronics course, appropriate for airmen of various aptitudes, will be prepared to develop proficiency in the specific duties required of the Weapon Control Systems Mechanic/Technician (AFSC 322XIR) in the F-111A weapon system. The course will be developed within the environment of the weapon system development cycle, using data available during the time period and meeting the demanding time schedules. The course will be highly job-relevant and will include multimedia, self-instructional, apprentice-like experiences. Personnel of various levels of aptitude in electronics, including levels lower than those currently used, will take the course. Their on-the-job performance will be carefully and systematically evaluated and compared with the performance of the personnel from the parallel course. The total program will focus and demonstrate the technology for developing job specific, apprentice-like technical courses as an integral part of the weapon system development cycle. Also, the weapon control system equipment and Air Force training and course development procedures are described.

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Biochemical Defense Mechanisms Against Pulmonary Irritants (Report posted 9/21/2009)

Report Number: AMRL TR 67-212
Author(s): Steven Carson; Richard E. Goldhamer
Corporate Author: Food and Drug Research Laboratories
Laboratory: Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories
Publication Date: 10/1/1968
Pages: 138
Features: + Drawing(s) + Graph(s) + Photo(s) + Table(s)
Contract: AF 33(615)-5309
Project: 7163
Task: None Given
AD Number: AD0680823
Photo Enhancement: Complete

Abstract Text:

Studies were performed in which mammalian mucociliary apparatus has been characterized under normal conditions following exposure to three irritant gases, i.e., 100 per cent oxygen, ozone(O2) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). Investigations were made in normal and treated animals providing physical, electrophysiological, biochemical, and morphologic data of effects due to exposure. A method for in vitro microscopic observation of viable cilia and adjacent mucus blanket has been described in terms of ciliary beat and movement of particles embedded in the mucus. In vitro volumetric estimation of mucus thickness was compared to electrical resistance measurements in the attempt to provide an in vivo method to determine mucus depth alterations in treated animals. Polarographic studies of oxygen dependent enzymes were carried out on pooled stripped epithelial tissue of untreated animals and comparison made with tissues exposed to ozone and nitrogen dioxide. Exposure to 100 per cent oxygen caused a significant but selflimiting decrease in mucus velocity and viscosity. Acute exposure to nitrogen dioxide (35 and 75 micrograms per kilogram) caused marked dose dependent changes in velocity and viscosity. Exposure to 0.5 ppm ozone for a 14 day period resulted in general mucostasis and elevated viscosity levels.

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Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6) Toxicity Literature Review (Report posted 9/21/2009)

Report Number: AMRL TR 64-106
Author(s): Robert A. Schneider
Corporate Author: Biomedical Laboratory
Laboratory: Biomedical Laboratory
Publication Date: 10/1/1964
Pages: 19
Features: + Foldout(s) + Table(s)
Contract: Laboratory Research - No Contract
Project: None Given
Task: None Given
AD Number: AD0608841
Photo Enhancement: Not Needed

Abstract Text:

The literature from 1940 through June 1963 was surveyed to summarize the data from pyridoxine toxicity studies in animals and to ascertain the highest doses of pyridoxine (vitamin B6 analogs) that have been administered to human subjects as a therapeutic measure with no clinical evidence of toxicity. Analysis of the data indicated that doses of 25 mg/% pyridoxine hydrochloride should be well tolerated as a therapeutic measure when required. In particular, pyridoxine hydrochloride can be used when required in the specific treatment of a clinical entity such as acute UDMH intoxication.

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Tables of Limiting t Values for Probabilities to the Nearest .001 (n=2-16) (Report posted 9/18/2009)

Report Number: AMRL TR 67-161
Author(s): Theodore E. Cotterman; Patricia A. Knoop
Corporate Author: Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories
Laboratory: Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories
Publication Date: 5/1/1968
Pages: 54
Features: + Diagram(s) + Table(s)
Contract: Laboratory Research - No Contract
Project: 1710
Task: None Given
AD Number: AD0673347
Photo Enhancement: Not Needed

Abstract Text:

Tables of t to the nearest .00001 for probabilities within the range of .000 to .500, by increments of .001, are presented for samples of 2 through 16. The 't' values given are the limiting or boundary values having the indicated probability, rather than the closest approximation, thus making interpolation unnecessary in typical use. The tables are intended primarily as an aid in implementing a purposive probabilistic approach to psychological measurement in which the 't' distribution (or some other appropriate model) is used as a reference in deriving probabilistic behavioral measures. Secondarily, they also may be used to achieve greater precision in specifying the critical 't' for conventional tests of significance. The manner of use is briefly explained, and the way in which they were constructed is described. The FORTRAN computer program used in constructing them is included.

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Colorimetric Personal Dosimeter for Hydrazine Fuels (Report posted 9/18/2009)

Report Number: AMRL TR 66-162
Author(s): Charles A. Plantz
Corporate Author: Mine Safety Appliances Company
Laboratory: Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories
Publication Date: 5/1/1967
Pages: 18
Features: + Diagram(s) + Photo(s) + Table(s)
Contract: AF 33(615)-2929
Project: 6302
Task: 630203
AD Number: AD0658442
Photo Enhancement: Complete

Abstract Text:

A research program was initiated to develop a personal colorimetric dosimeter for hydrazine fuels. An extensive literature survey was conducted to ascertain the most appropriate colorimetric reactions applicable to such a device. Many reagents were found which formed a color upon contact with various hydrazine vapors; however, most of these colored reaction products proved unstable during accelerated aging tests. Bindone, (delta 1,2' -- Biindan)--1', 3,3' -- Trione, uniformly dispersed on Eastman Chromagram Sheet (Type K301R2) was selected for incorporation as the sensing element in the dosimeter badge, because its response to hydrazine, unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH), and monomethylhydrazine (MMH) was both linear and readily observable. Synthetic color standards were developed and included in the dosimeter to provide the user with a means of estimating accumulated exposure within the range of 100-1800 ppm-minutes.

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Toxicological Evaluation of Materials Associated with Spacecraft (Report posted 9/18/2009)

Report Number: AMRL TR 66-69
Author(s): Kenneth C. Back
Corporate Author: Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories
Laboratory: Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories
Publication Date: 6/1/1966
Pages: 14
Features: + Table(s)
Contract: Laboratory Research - No Contract
Project: 6302
Task: 630201
AD Number: AD0639060
Photo Enhancement: Not Needed

Abstract Text:

The Air Force has pursued research in areas of ground support and space cabin toxicology for the past 5 years. Comprehensive treatment of toxicological problems in both areas has revealed the necessity to define human tolerance limits to propellants and other toxic materials for various durations of exposure. Hence, an integrated input of propellant and space cabin material toxicology provides the basis for selection of habitable cabin atmospheres and materials selection criteria. Since such selection procedures are based on both biological and engineering considerations, one cannot disregard the materials selection aspect or evaluate closed system toxicology without consideration of source. The toxic materials in space system atmospheres are determined primarily by the qualitative and quantitative composition of space cabin equipment and the contribution of contaminants by the crew. Materials selection and analytical studies on gas-off products are key considerations in controlling toxic contaminants in a space cabin. Methods are described to determine the composition of cabin materials gas-off products and to biologically test these compounds for their toxicological effects. An attempt is made to correlate the roles of the materials analytical chemist and the toxicologist as a working team to provide meaningful and useful materials selection criteria.

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The Biochemical, Physiological, and Metabolic Effects of Apollo Nominal Mission and Contingency Diets on Human Subjects While on a Simulated Apollo Mission (Report posted 9/18/2009)

Report Number: AMRL TR 67-164
Author(s): Bernard J. Katchman; James P. F. Murphy; Vickie R. Must; Ellis Patrick
Corporate Author: Miami Valley Hospital
Laboratory: Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories
Publication Date: 12/1/1967
Pages: 92
Features: + Graph(s) + Table(s)
Contract: AF 33(657)-11716
Project: 7164
Task: 716405
AD Number: AD0669087
Photo Enhancement: Not Needed

Abstract Text:

Four human male subjects participated in a 90-day experiment consisting of 60-day and 30-day confinement periods with a 5-day break between. The subjects were confined either to the controlled activity facility of the chamber of the Life Support Systems Evaluator at altitude wearing pressure suits unpressurized and pressurized at 3.7 psi. The subjects ate a fresh food diet, an Apollo nominal mission diet, or an Apollo contingency diet that provided 2200, 2500, and 900 kcal/day, respectively. The rod form of the contingency diet was the most acceptable from an organoleptic standpoint. The tube form was more easily handled from a functional standpoint, although the formulation of the tube food as well as the tube itself needs to be improved to make it operationally more effective than at present. The subjects lost about 500 g/day of body weight while on the contingency diet of which about 50% is estimated to be water. About 40 g/day of body weight was lost because of protein catabolism. Blood levels of sodium, potassium, phosphorus, chloride, calcium, and magnesium were maintained in the normal range of clinical values. Physiologic measurements all were in the normal range of clinical values. However, the 17-hydroxycorticoids of the urine decreased to low normal and below normal ranges of clinical values. Three of the four subjects completed a simulated Apollo emergency mission wearing a pressure suit pressurized at 3.7 psi and on a 900-calorie contingency diet. There were no adverse effects upon their health and no evidence that their capacity to function in a normal manner was in any way impaired.

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Thermodynamic Evaluation of the Possibility of Lithium Superoxide Production (Report posted 9/18/2009)

Report Number: AMRL TR 65-126
Author(s): Richard H. Snow
Corporate Author: IIT Research Institute
Corp. Rep. Number: IITRI-C6057-4
Laboratory: Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories
Publication Date: 8/1/1965
Pages: 37
Features: + Diagram(s) + Graph(s) + Table(s)
Contract: AF 33(615)-2351
Project: 6373
Task: 637302
AD Number: AD0626596
Photo Enhancement: Not Needed

Abstract Text:

To determine whether lithium superoxide can be produced and whether it is stable enough for use in air regeneration units of manned spacecraft, the free energy of lithium superoxide was calculated from estimated values of the heat of formation, entropy, and heat capacity. The estimates were based on graphical comparison with properties of other oxides. The heat of formation was also determined from calculation of the lattice energy by means of the Born-Haber cycle. The result was -65 kcal. The stability of lithium superoxide was deduced by comparing graphically the free energies of the oxides of lithium. The superoxide is unstable by 15 kcal from 100 to 300K and is even more unstable at higher temperatures. Reasonably high pressure and other effects cannot overcome this instability, even at low temperature. Therefore the use of lithium superoxide for air regeneration units is not promising.

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Development and Experimental Evaluation of an Automated Multi-Media Course on Transistors (Report posted 9/18/2009)

Report Number: AMRL TR 66-142
Author(s): J. H. Whitted; Edward E. Weaver; John P. Foley
Corporate Author: RCA Service Company
Laboratory: Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories
Publication Date: 9/1/1966
Pages: 116
Features: + Diagram(s) + Photo(s) + Table(s)
Contract: AF 33(615)-2880
Project: 1710
Task: 171007
AD Number: AD0646671
Photo Enhancement: Complete

Abstract Text:

A completely automated multi-media self-study program for teaching a portion of electronic solid-state fundamentals was developed. The subject matter areas included were fundamental theory of transistors, transistor amplifier fundamentals, and simple mathematical analysis of transistors including equivalent circuits, parameters, and characteristic curves. The media included a tape slide audio-visual presentations, a programmed text, a cued text, a sound movie, a workbook, an a RCA transistor trainer. A controlled experiment was conducted, comparing the effectiveness of the self-sufficient multi-media materials, with a conventional instructor/classroom presentation and existing self-study materials from Air Force Extension Course Institute. Even though the instructor/classroom subjects received somewhat higher ratio gain scores, on the average, than the multi-media subjects, this difference was not significant. Both of these modes were superior in effectiveness to the extension course materials. The principal measures of this effectiveness were a pre-test and a post-test made up of multiple choice items concerning the solid state theory covered.

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A System for the Continuous Infusion of Alpha-Chloralose Anesthetic (Report posted 9/18/2009)

Report Number: AMRL TR 66-136
Author(s): Robert E. Van Patten
Corporate Author: Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories
Laboratory: Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories
Publication Date: 9/1/1966
Pages: 12
Features: + Diagram(s)
Contract: Laboratory Research - No Contract
Project: 7222
Task: None Given
AD Number: AD0647158
Photo Enhancement: Not Needed

Abstract Text:

The development of a system designed to permit semiautomatic and continuous infusion of the anesthetic agent alpha-chloralose to dogs is described. The apparatus was developed for use in studies of cardiovascular and renal functions under various environmental conditions. The device has proved to be practical and trouble-free and the simple design uses easily available materials.

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Effect of Hydrazines on Vitamin B6 Levels in the Mouse Brain (Report posted 9/18/2009)

Report Number: AMRL TR 66-135
Author(s): Arthur Furst; Waldemar R. Gustavson
Corporate Author: University of San Francisco
Laboratory: Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories
Publication Date: 9/1/1966
Pages: 46
Features: + Graph(s) + Table(s)
Contract: AF 33(615)-2332
Project: 6302
Task: 630202
AD Number: AD0647192
Photo Enhancement: Not Needed

Abstract Text:

The effects of administered 1,1-dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) and monomethylhydrazine (MMH) on vitamin B6 levels in mouse brain have been studied. Separation of the B6 group (pyridoxol, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine, and the respective 5-phosphates) by means of paper chromatography revealed that the R sub F values obtained are dependent upon the pH of the developing solvent. To obtain the time lag just prior to convulsions induced by UDMH and MMH, a dose-lag time study was conducted; included were pyridoxal and (its 5-phosphate) hydrazones of UDMH and MMH. Graphs of log dose vs lag time are given. The bioassay procedure, though not completed, permits detection of some of the B6 congeners to a limit of 0.5 nanograms.

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Agglutination by Polylysine of Young and Old Red Blood Cells (Report posted 9/18/2009)

Report Number: AMRL TR 66-65
Author(s): Y. Marikovsky; D. Danon; A. Katchalsky
Corporate Author: Weizmann Institute of Science
Laboratory: Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories
Publication Date: 4/1/1966
Pages: 14
Features: + Graph(s) + Table(s)
Contract: AF 61(052)-879
Project: 7164
Task: 716404
AD Number: AD0638746
Photo Enhancement: Not Needed

Abstract Text:

The rate of agglutination by polylysine of young and old human erythrocytes was automatically recorded and correlated with measurements of the electrophoretic mobility of these cells. Old red cells have a reduced electrophoretic mobility as compared with young cells, as well as a higher rate of agglutination than young cells. Mild treatment of red cells with receptor destroying enzyme (RDE) which reduces their surface charge results in an increased rate of agglutination. The results indicate that there is correlation between the rate of agglutination and the surface charge of the red cell.

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Research on the Effects of Alteration of the Indigenous Microflora of the Monkey (Report posted 9/18/2009)

Report Number: AMRL TR 67-177
Author(s): Myron H. Bengson; Fred W. Thomae
Corporate Author: General Electric Company
Laboratory: Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories
Publication Date: 5/1/1968
Pages: 162
Features: + Diagram(s) + Photo(s) + Table(s)
Contract: AF 33(615)-5242
Project: 6373
Task: None Given
AD Number: AD0673374
Photo Enhancement: Complete

Abstract Text:

The feasibility of changing the bacterial and fungal flora of monkeys undergoing biological confinement was studied. The significance to the host of an altered ecological relationship was examined with special attention to the feasibility and consequences of requiring microbial compatibility of astronauts for extended space mission. It was determined that while it would be extremely desirable to have microbial compatibility among crew members, tampering with the indigenous flora poses special problems for which there are as yet no answers. A data and information retrieval system, designed to aid in solving some of the problems mentioned above, has been designed and is presented.

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Fate Of Pentaborane-9-H3 In Small Animals And Effects Of Pentaborane-9 Upon Glucose Catabolism By Rats (Report posted 9/15/2009)

Report Number: AMRL TR 64-112
Author(s): D. J. Reed; F. N. Dost; C. H. Wang
Corporate Author: Oregon State University
Laboratory: Biomedical Laboratory
Publication Date: 12/1/1964
Pages: 34
Features: + Graph(s) + Table(s)
Contract: AF 33(657)-11757
Project: 6302
Task: 630202
AD Number: AD0610571
Photo Enhancement: Not Needed

Abstract Text:

The fate of pentaborane-9-H(3) B5H9(3), evenly labeled with tritium) in small animals was investigated. Rats given B5H9(3) by intraperitoneal injection evolved 36-37% of the tritium label as molecular hydrogen over a 2-3 hour period. A non-volatile hydrolysis intermediate rapidly formed in the bloodstream concurrently as molecular hydrogen was evolved by treated animals. Tritium in the hydrolysis intermediate was found to be nonexchangeable into water. However, the hydrolysis intermediate slowly disappeared and approximately an equivalent amount of tritium could be detected in the body water of treated animals. Reaction of heparinized blood and certain nitrogen- containing compounds with B5H9(3) resulted in the formation of a hydrolysis intermediate which had many properties similar to those of the stable intermediate formed in vivo. The effect of pentaborane-9 intoxication upon glucose catabolism by rats was examined. Total respiratory CO2 production by intoxicated rats was slightly greater than that of normal rats. Catabolism of glucose via the glycolytic pathway appeared to be inhibited during the initial 4 hours after B5H9 administration by intraperitoneal injection. The operation of the pentose phosphate pathway may have been stimulated slightly immediately after B5H9 administration, but inhibition of this pathway was noted during the next several hours of glucose assimilation. Pentaborane-9 intoxication appears to affect glucose catabolism for only a 6-8 hour period.

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Fate of UDMH and MMH in Rats (Report posted 9/15/2009)

Report Number: AMRL TR 64-111
Author(s): D. J. Reed; F. N. Dost; C. H. Wang
Corporate Author: Oregon State University
Laboratory: Biomedical Laboratory
Publication Date: 12/1/1964
Pages: 28
Features: + Diagram(s) + Graph(s) + Table(s)
Contract: AF 33(657)-11757
Project: 6302
Task: 630202
AD Number: AD0610569
Photo Enhancement: Not Needed

Abstract Text:

Many of the applications of hydrazines, especially as rocket propellants and in medicine, give them considerable toxicological importance. The respiratory and urinary excretion by rats of unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) and monomethylhydrazine (MMH) and their metabolites has been studied by means of radiotracer techniques. At a very low dose, almost 30% of the C14 from i.p. administered UDMH-C14 appeared as respiratory C14O2 in 10 hours. At a convulsive dose, the conversion of UDMH-C14 to C14O2 amounted to slightly greater than 13% at the end of 20 hours. At all doses studied radioactivity appeared in the urine to the extent of at least 50% of the administered UDMH-C14, at the end of two days after administration. Rats administered MMH-C14 by i. p. injection at 20% of a median lethal dose respired approximately 45% of the administered radioactivity in 24 hours. The respired radioactivity consisted of at least two components; 20-25% was C14O2, and the remainder was a C14 labeled volatile compound tentatively identified as methane-C14. At the sub-convulsive doses, 40% of the administered radioactivity in MMH-C14 was excreted in urine. At a toxic dose the percentage of urinary excretion of C14 decreased, but net molar excretion increased slightly. The design of an animal radiorespirometric system capable of continuously monitoring C14 in respiratory gases from separate animals is described.

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Analytical Gas Desorption Apparatus (Report posted 9/15/2009)

Report Number: AMRL TR 65-61
Author(s): W. H. Toliver, Sr.; R. E. Bennett; C. G. Roach
Corporate Author: Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories
Laboratory: Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories
Publication Date: 11/1/1966
Pages: 16
Features: + Diagram(s)
Contract: Laboratory Research - No Contract
Project: 6373
Task: 637302
AD Number: AD0648516
Photo Enhancement: Not Needed

Abstract Text:

Volatile organic contaminants are a problem in spacecraft, evaluators, and other closed cabin atmospheres and must constantly be measured. Consequently, a chemical high vacuum system for the desorption and manipulation of desorbates from solid adsorbents was developed. Essentially, the system is provided with three provisions for trapping the contaminant depending on its volatility. The high boilers are trapped in the first section, the compounds with low vapor pressure are collected in the middle section, and the noncondensables in the third section of the apparatus.

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Feasibility Investigation of Viscous Solvent Removal of Trace Contaminants (Report posted 9/15/2009)

Report Number: AMRL TR 65-100
Author(s): Thomas D. Nevens; John A. Krimmel; David R. Jordan
Corporate Author: Denver Research Institute
Laboratory: Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories
Publication Date: 8/1/1965
Pages: 48
Features: + Diagram(s) + Graph(s) + Photo(s) + Table(s)
Contract: AF 33(615)-1463
Project: 6373
Task: 637302
AD Number: AD0622435
Photo Enhancement: Complete

Abstract Text:

Twenty-three compounds were studied as potential solvents for the removal of trace contaminants from the atmosphere of a space capsule. The contaminants to be removed included a wide variety of chemical types such as aliphatic (both saturated and unsaturated), alicyclic, and aromatic hydrocarbons, chlorinated hydrocarbons, Freons, alcohols, aldehydes, acids, ketones, acetates, ethers, and other miscellaneous compounds. In an effort to dissolve as many of the contaminants as possible, solvents which contained a number of different chemical structures were synthesized. Most of the solvents were esters derived from the reaction of a polyhydric alcohol such as pentaerythritol, trimethylolpropane, or isorbide with a mixture of organic acids. Esters of sebacic and isosebacic acids also were considered. The solubilities of representative contaminants in each of the solvents were determined. Calculations based on these data showed that the best solvent was much less efficient than charcoal for the removal of the contaminants.

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Growth of Tissues of Higher Plants in Continuous Liquid Culture and Their Use in a Nutritional Experiment (Report posted 9/15/2009)

Report Number: AMRL TR 65-101
Author(s): Walter Tulecke
Corporate Author: Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Inc.
Laboratory: Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories
Publication Date: 7/1/1965
Pages: 46
Features: + Graph(s) + Photo(s) + Table(s)
Contract: AF 33(616)-1355
Project: None Given
Task: None Given
AD Number: AD0620047
Photo Enhancement: Complete

Abstract Text:

The purpose of this work was twofold: (1) to devise a continuous culture system for higher plant cells and (2) to produce a sufficient amount of plant tissue culture for a nutritional experiment with weanling mice. The overall purpose of this work is to provide information for the evaluation of plants as food sources in long term space missions and as possible future sources of supplementary protein. Rose tissue was the most suitable for growth in liquid culture and approximately 40 pounds (20 kg) fresh weight of sterile tissue was produced from seven cultures which were harvested periodically over a period of 222 days. The cultures were of 8 liters volume and this amount was maintained by replacing the medium which was harvested. The average yield was 112 g/1 fresh weight (4.6 g/1 dry weight)/day. Approximately 10 pounds (5.0 kg) of contaminated rose tissue was also produced. When incorporated into a test diet for weanling mice, the sterile rose tissue was a better food supplement than contaminated rose. A bacterial contaminant which grew well with the rose tissue and did not appreciably alter the growth rate was isolated and identified as Achromobacter liquefaciens. Since this was a reisolated type species for the genus, it was deposited in the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC No. 15716). Protein determinations on the rose tissue showed a high protein level for tissue grown in continuous culture as compared to tissue grown in flasks.

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Image Quality Enhancement (Report posted 9/15/2009)

Report Number: AMRL TR 65-28
Author(s): Robert W. Brainard; George N. Ornstein
Corporate Author: North American Aviation Incorporated
Laboratory: Behavioral Sciences Laboratory
Publication Date: 4/1/1965
Pages: 64
Features: + Diagram(s) + Graph(s) + Photo(s) + Table(s)
Contract: AF 33(616)-7996
Project: 7183
Task: 718302
AD Number: AD0616895
Photo Enhancement: Complete

Abstract Text:

A technique for enhancing the quality of imagery was investigated. The technique consists of obtaining a video signal from a transparency and adding to this signal its first and/or second derivative(s). The efficacy of the technique was evaluated by comparing imagery produced by the video signal and its derivative(s) with imagery produced by the video signal alone. The imagery investigated consisted of standard test patterns and aerial photographs. The processed test patterns were quantitatively analyzed to determine the resolution, contrast and acutance of the imagery. The results indicate: (1) differentiation enhances image quality, as indicated by the resolution, contrast and acutance metrics, (2) greatest enhancement is produced by operations which include second-order differentiation, and (3) the least enhancement is produced by first-order differentiation. The aerial photographic imagery shows the same enhancing effects as those obtained with the test patterns.

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Learning Set Formation in Programmed Instruction (Report posted 9/15/2009)

Report Number: AMRL TR 64-114
Author(s): James H. Reynolds; Robert Glaser; John S. Abma
Corporate Author: University of Pittsburgh; Aerospace Medical research Laboratories
Laboratory: Behavioral Sciences Laboratory
Publication Date: 11/1/1964
Pages: 20
Features: + Table(s)
Contract: AF 33(616)-7175
Project: 1710
Task: 171007
AD Number: AD0609802
Photo Enhancement: Not Needed

Abstract Text:

Two different orders of three units of programed instruction were administered to groups of students matched on (a) intelligence or (b) relevant achievement tests. Comparisons were made between groups that were (a) high or (b) average on each matching variable. The hypotheses being tested were that after varied amounts of prior practice in programed instruction, (a) learning set formation would not be demonstrated by the high intelligence and high achievement groups, and (b) learning set formation would be demonstrated by the average intelligence and average achievement groups. Only partial support was obtained for each hypothesis. The data indicated the following: (a) In a programed sequence, error rate is a more appropriate measure than achievement for observing learning set formation. (b) Learning set formation is observable in programed instruction for all learners regardless of individual differences. Since, reduced error rate was the indication of learning set formation, the phenomenon can be measured only in programs involving a moderately high error rate. (c) Since error rate differed for some of the experimental groups while achievement remained the same, the results were interpreted to mean that a moderately high error rate program which offers opportunity for correction of response errors may be as effective in producing learning as a low error rate program which confirms correct responses.

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Personal Telemetry Transmitter System (Report posted 9/15/2009)

Report Number: AMRL TR 65-87
Author(s): James A. Almond
Corporate Author: Repco Incorporated
Laboratory: Biophysics Laboratory
Publication Date: 6/1/1965
Pages: 30
Features: + Diagram(s) + Table(s)
Contract: AF 33(615)-1194
Project: 7222
Task: None Given
AD Number: AD0622420
Photo Enhancement: Not Needed

Abstract Text:

The research and development described in this report resulted in the redesign and miniaturization of a Personal Telemetry Transmitter System originally developed by AMRL. The Personal Telemetry Transmitter System transmits seven channels of physiological data on the commercial FM band to a receiver located up to 200 feet away. The seven channels transmitted by pulse duration modulation are electroencephalogram, two leads of electrocardiogram, galvanic skin resistance (base resistance and specific response), respiration, and body temperature. Extremely compact packaging combined with miniature components resulted in a package size of 4.28 by 2.19 by .81 inches for a total volume of 7.6 cubic inches including the battery.

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Distributed Adaptation in Neuromime Networks (Report posted 9/15/2009)

Report Number: AMRL TR 66-225
Author(s): V. V. Griffith; G. H. Bolen
Corporate Author: Goodyear Aerospace Corporation
Laboratory: Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories
Publication Date: 1/1/1967
Pages: 96
Features: + Diagram(s) + Graph(s)
Contract: AF 33(615)-1891
Project: 7232
Task: 723203
AD Number: AD0652853
Photo Enhancement: Not Needed

Abstract Text:

The report describes investigations of networks with adaptive ability distributed through them. It is thought that large-scale systems can be constructed of adaptive building blocks. These adaptive systems would be flexible in function, reliable and would resist severe damage characteristics of living creatures. Neuron models were tested by interconnecting them into various networks to perform simple control tasks. The test results were evaluated and the evaluation used to improve the theory and the neuron model. Two basic analysis methods were used to study neuromime networks: a sequential machine analysis and an optimal process method applying Pontryagin's maximum principle. The sequential analysis method proved unsatisfactory when applied to an attempted description of an adjustment rule for the neuron model. This difficulty led to an application of optimal processes. The application of Pontryagin's maximum principle to the analysis of the neuron model network described both optimum conditions for a system and criteria useful for developing the adjustment rule.

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Application of Permselective Composite Techniques for Atmosphere-Thermal Control of Emergency (Report posted 9/15/2009)

Report Number: AMRL TR 66-224
Author(s): D. J. Withey; E. J. Glanfield; C. V. Dohner
Corporate Author: General Electric Company
Laboratory: Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories
Publication Date: 4/1/1967
Pages: 94
Features: + Diagram(s) + Graph(s) + Table(s)
Contract: AF 33(615)-2850
Project: 6373
Task: 637302
AD Number: AD0655089
Photo Enhancement: Not Needed

Abstract Text:

The program encompasses the analysis, research, design fabrication, and testing of an exploratory laboratory model of an emergency or extravehicular space assembly using permselective membrane techniques for atmosphere control. The purpose of this effort was to develop an advanced concept which would depart from the traditional approach utilized in spacecraft design by transferring most of the atmosphere-thermal control functions from the associated hardware subsystems to the enclosing structure. A silicon rubber permselective composite incorporated into the pressure retention wall of the enclosing structure permits selective permeation of carbon dioxide, water vapor, and contaminant gases to space with minimal oxygen permeation. In addition, the use of superinsulation on the exterior surface of the structure provides passive radiant thermal control. This, in conjunction with the permselective composite material, substantially reduces the weight, volume, and power requirements of environmental control subsystems required for a manned emergency and extravehicular assembly. While the permselectivity of the silicone rubber composite was determined, the final structure was subject to a large amount of leakage. This resulted in the cancellation of the full scale test program and in redirection of the project effort to include a failure analysis to determine the cause and solution to the leakage problem.

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Effects of Hydrazines on the Metabolism of Certain Amines and Amino Acids (Report posted 9/15/2009)

Report Number: AMRL TR 64-113
Author(s): D. J. Reed; F. N. Dost; C. H. Wang
Corporate Author: Oregon State University
Laboratory: Biomedical Laboratory
Publication Date: 12/1/1964
Pages: 46
Features: + Graph(s) + Table(s)
Contract: AF 33(657)-11757
Project: 6302
Task: 630202
AD Number: AD0610570
Photo Enhancement: Not Needed

Abstract Text:

Certain effects of simple hydrazines via i.p. administration upon the metabolism of amines and amino acids by rats were examined. Unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH), monomethylhydrazine (MMH) and hydrazine strongly inhibited oxidation of putrescine-1, 4-C14 (1, 4-diamino butane) and methylamine-C14 to C14O2 by intact rats. MMH caused a virtually complete inhibition of monoamine oxidase activity in vivo, but inhibition by UDMH and hydrazine was limited. In vivo and in vitro diamine oxidase activity was heavily suppressed by all three hydrazines. The inhibition duration of methylamine oxidase by UDMH and hydrazine was found to last several days. Inhibition of putrescine oxidation was reversed within 3 days, indicating a possible difference between the enzyme systems which metabolize methylamine and putrescine. The metabolism of varied oral and intraperitoneal doses of L-glutamic acid-1-C14 by rats was inhibited by hydrazine, but not by UDMH or MMH. Oxidation of large oral doses of L-alanine-1-C14 to respiratory C14O2 was slightly inhibited by UDMH, MMH and blocked to a greater extent by hydrazine. Similar results were found in the metabolism of low levels of gamma -aminobutyric acid-1-C14 (GABA-1-C14) except that hydrazine intoxication caused an almost complete inhibition of GABA-1-C14 conversion to C14O2.

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A Simple Capacitive Displacement Measuring System (Report posted 9/15/2009)

Report Number: AMRL TR 64-116
Author(s): Lothar O. Hoeft
Corporate Author: Biophysics Laboratory
Laboratory: Biophysics Laboratory
Publication Date: 12/1/1964
Pages: 22
Features: + Diagram(s) + Graph(s) + Photo(s) + Table(s)
Contract: Laboratory Research - No Contract
Project: 7232
Task: 723204
AD Number: AD0610286
Photo Enhancement: Complete

Abstract Text:

This report presents the theory, development and performance of a capacitive displacement detector. The detector senses the displacement changes as changes in the capacitance of a probe located near the body whose displacement is being measured. These capacitance changes are converted into frequency changes by placing the capacitance probe in the tank circuit of an oscillator. The frequency changes are converted into voltage changes by standard FM techniques. The capacitance detector has a sensitivity of 30 volts/rho farad. When used with a 0.2 cm diameter probe, the displacement sensitivity was 4.78 volts/cm when the probe to surface distance was 0.1 cm. The noise level was low enough so that the system was able to measure displacements of the order of .00001 cm at frequencies below 1000 cps and displacements of the order of 5 x .000001 cm at frequencies above 1000 cps. The main advantages of this type of displacement detector over others is the ease of construction and adjustment.

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Measurements and Models for Relating the Physical Characteristics of Images to Target Detection (Report posted 9/15/2009)

Report Number: AMRL TR 64-117
Author(s): Donald G. Corbett; N. D. Diamantides
Corporate Author: Goodyear Aerospace Corporation
Laboratory: Behavioral Sciences Laboratory
Publication Date: 12/1/1964
Pages: 114
Features: + Diagram(s) + Graph(s) + Photo(s) + Table(s)
Contract: AF 33(657)-9476
Project: None Given
Task: None Given
AD Number: AD0610254
Photo Enhancement: Complete

Abstract Text:

Three metrics for predicting the time required to identify targets in high-resolution radar pictures were developed. One metric, based on four automatically measured variables related to transmissivity of positive transparencies, was tested. Through multiple-regression analysis, a correlation of 0.69 between observed and predicted identification times was obtained. When these relationships were applied to a new set of radar pictures and new test subjects, the correlation coefficient was too low to be significantly different from zero with the number of pictures used. A principal reason for the low correlation was the unexpected correlation between the four transmissivity variables. The metric also had an insignificant correlation coefficient when applied to optical and infrared photographs (0.07 and 0.04, respectively). It is hypothesized that, if additional variables are utilized, the metric examined in this study may be useful as a base to develop a more effective prediction equation.

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Advanced Selective Monitoring Systems (Report posted 9/15/2009)

Report Number: AMRL TR 64-97
Author(s): A. Babich; G. Morton
Corporate Author: Airborne Instruments Laboratory
Laboratory: Biophysics Laboratory
Publication Date: 11/1/1964
Pages: 56
Features: + Diagram(s) + Graph(s) + Photo(s)
Contract: AF 33(657)-10462
Project: 7222
Task: 722203
AD Number: AD0610255
Photo Enhancement: Complete

Abstract Text:

In order to reduce the amount of data obtained in multiple-input data acquisition systems--subsequently reducing power and size requirements in space vehicles, or reducing processing time in a computer analysis--a Selective Monitoring System was built and tested. The present system is an extension of a laboratory model which was used as criteria for signal selection signal changes from a steady state and signal excursions beyond predetermined limits. That system (laboratory model) was expanded to include originating (encoding) and terminal (decoding) equipment for a PCM data-transmission channel. The encoding and decoding equipment used the selective-monitoring characteristics of the laboratory model to obtain a data transmission rate lower than that required in an ordinary multiple input data acquisition system. Signals selected by the encoder unit were reconstructed in the decoder unit. A rate analog processor, compatible with the Selective Monitoring System, and suitable for use as a cardiotachometer, was built and tested. Performance requirements in an operational system are described. The reduction in size and power consumption obtainable with microminiaturization is analyzed.

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Study of Fluorescent Emission from the Cat Cerebral Cortex (Report posted 9/15/2009)

Report Number: AMRL TR 65-88
Author(s): Richard M. Roppel; Arthur C. Peters
Corporate Author: Battelle Memorial Institute
Laboratory: Biophysics Laboratory
Publication Date: 5/1/1965
Pages: 18
Features: + Photo(s) + Table(s)
Contract: AF 33(615)-1206
Project: 7232
Task: 723204
AD Number: AD0622273
Photo Enhancement: Complete

Abstract Text:

Experiments were conducted to investigate the existence of changes in fluorescence properties of the cat cerebral cortex during cortical and peripheral electrical stimulation. In anesthetized cats, the exposed cortex was illuminated with the light output from a monochromator and fluorescence changes were detected by use of a photomultiplier tube. Appropriate filters were used to prevent response of the photomultiplier to light from the excitation source. When electrical pulse stimulus of electroconvulsive intensity was applied by means of a wick electrode to the brain surface, there were observed signals of several millivolts amplitude from the photomultiplier tube interpreted as fluorescence changes. An interpretation is tentatively proposed which is based upon changes in relative proportions of oxidized and reduced pyridine nucleotide in the cortical tissue.

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Personal Propulsion System (Report posted 9/15/2009)

Report Number: AMRL TR 65-89
Author(s): G. E. Hanff; R. H. Moulton; R. E. Geller
Corporate Author: Lockheed-California Company
Laboratory: Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories
Publication Date: 7/1/1965
Pages: 32
Features: + Diagram(s) + Graph(s) + Photo(s) + Table(s)
Contract: AF 33(615)-1903
Project: 7184
Task: 718405
AD Number: AD0621380
Photo Enhancement: Complete

Abstract Text:

The report describes a laboratory model of a simple manually controlled, tractor type, personnel propulsion unit for use under zero gravity conditions. The device consists of a pair of hand-mounted thrust nozzles with fore and aft thrust vector control. A backpack containing two, high pressure, gas bottles supplies dry nitrogen to the thrusters. A series of tests were conducted to obtain thrust nozzle calibration, valve/nozzle modulation, and verification of the total system to deliver the required thrust. The tests verified that the thrust nozzles were within tolerance. The valve/nozzle combination demonstrated total system performance within specification requirements and with satisfactory modulation characteristics. Further research should include evaluation of the propulsion system in a zero gravity environment.

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Functional Verification of the Apollo Urine Transport System (Report posted 9/15/2009)

Report Number: AMRL TR 67-166
Author(s): Berhard J. Katchamn; James P. F. Murphy
Corporate Author: Miami Valley Hospital
Laboratory: Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories
Publication Date: 2/1/1969
Pages: 40
Features: + Graph(s) + Table(s)
Contract: AF 33(657)11716
Project: 7164
Task: 716405
AD Number: AD0687148
Photo Enhancement: Not Needed

Abstract Text:

A simulated aerospace study was conducted to assess the biochemical effects of space flight by determining the volume of urine output of each crewman. The Apollo urine transport system (UTS), using a radioisotope, tritium, dilution technique, was tested by four human male subjects. The Apollo UTS met minimum requirements for 14 days even when a single unit was used by four individuals. The best individual performance by a subject gave a ratio of 101.4 plus or minus 4.6%. The overall value for volume measurement from the four subjects was 100.6 plus or minus 4.6%. Any void volume may be calculated by this radioisotope method with the UTS system plus or minus 10% of its volume at the 95% confidence level. One experimental error was the incomplete mixing of the radiosotope. The practicability of this procedure in actual space missions still has to be determined.

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Distribution and Excretion of 14C-Monomethylhydrazine (Report posted 9/15/2009)

Report Number: AMRL TR 67-175
Author(s): Mildred K. Pinkerton; Edgar A. Hagan; Kenneth C. Back
Corporate Author: Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories
Laboratory: Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories
Publication Date: 11/1/1967
Pages: 24
Features: + Table(s)
Contract: Laboratory Research - No Contract
Project: 6302
Task: 630202
AD Number: AD0666662
Photo Enhancement: Not Needed

Abstract Text:

A total of 20 mice, 20 rats, 17 dogs, and 16 monkeys received intraperitoneal injections of 14C-monomethylhydrazine (MMH) at doses of 22 mg/kg (mice), 15 mg/kg (rats), and 10 mg/kg (monkeys and dogs). At 2, 4, 8, and 24 hours after exposure, representative samples of approximately 20 tissues from each animal were processed for 14C assay using liquid scintillation counting techniques. Both blood and urine samples were simultaneously analyzed by a chemical colorimetric method for unchanged MMH, and the results were correlated with total 14C content. Results of the 14C assays indicated that the mouse, rat, and monkey excreted twice as much as the dog in the first 2 hours, and that all 4 species excreted 25-40% of the total dose by 24 hours after injection. Approximately 50% of the total 14C excretion, at all experimental times, was apparently unchanged MMH as implied by the colorimetric results. Tissue distribution of 14C showed the highest concentrations in liver, kidney, bladder, pancreas, and blood serum. Both clinically and pathologically, the dog was apparently much more susceptible than the other species tested to the toxic effects of MMH and to severe kidney damage.

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Subject Control Over a Bayesian Hypothesis-Selection Aid in a Complex Information-Processing System (Report posted 9/15/2009)

Report Number: AMRL TR 64-95
Author(s): Jack F. Southard; David A. Schum; George E. Briggs
Corporate Author: Ohio State University
Laboratory: Behavioral Sciences Laboratory
Publication Date: 9/1/1964
Pages: 50
Features: + Diagram(s) + Graph(s) + Table(s)
Contract: AF 33(657)-10763
Project: 7184
Task: 718403
AD Number: AD0608108
Photo Enhancement: Not Needed

Abstract Text:

This report describes the second experiment in a series devoted to estimating the effectiveness of automated hypothesis selection in man-machine systems in which threat evaluations or threat diagnoses are being performed. In the experiment an eight-man team produced evaluations of various threats posed by a hypothetical aggressor. These evaluations were made on the basis of intelligence information gathered on simulated reconnaissance overflights of the homeland area of the aggressor. IBM 1401 and 7090 computer facilities provided the means for generating the complex stimulus environment or data base. The primary output from this threat evaluation team was a series of a posteriori probabilities estimations produced by the team's commanding officer (CO). These estimations represented the CO's judgments as to the most likely of the four response alternatives available to aggressor in deploying his forces along a border of contention. The purpose of the experiment was to observe whether increasing control over the MBT-aid mechanism would increase the user's acceptance of the aid and improve his threat-diagnosis performance.

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Water Reclamation from Urine Thermoelectric System (Report posted 9/14/2009)

Report Number: AMRL TR 65-29
Author(s): Duane C. Nichols
Corporate Author: Whirlpool Corporation
Laboratory: Biomedical Laboratory
Publication Date: 3/1/1965
Pages: 26
Features: + Diagram(s) + Drawing(s) + Graph(s) + Photo(s) + Table(s)
Contract: AF 33(657)-11479
Project: 6373
Task: 637304
AD Number: AD0615979
Photo Enhancement: Complete

Abstract Text:

The project was inititated to design, fabricate, and test a thermoelectric system for the recovery of potable water from urine in aerospace applications. The unit built is an integral system, which yields quality potable water at a performance factor of 146 watt-hours per pound. It has a capacity of processing 12 liters of urine per day with a batch size of 1 liter per run. Further development work should be undertaken toward obtaining better efficiencies, a decrease in size, and a reduction in weight.

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Use of Lithium Peroxide for Atmosphere Regeneration (Report posted 9/8/2009)

Report Number: AMRL TR 68-57
Author(s): Augustine Captosto, Jr.; Amercio W. Petrocelli
Corporate Author: General Dynamics Corporation
Laboratory: Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories
Publication Date: 8/1/1968
Pages: 54
Features: + Diagram(s) + Graph(s) + Table(s)
Contract: F33615-67-C-1514
Project: 7164
Task: 716412
AD Number: AD0678076
Photo Enhancement: Not Needed

Abstract Text:

The chemistry of lithium peroxide was studied for use as a nonregenerative air revitalization material for oxygen supply and carbon dioxide removal. The use of catalysts to accelerate the decomposition of the hydrogen peroxide formed as an intermediate in the reaction of lithium peroxide with water vapor was investigated. Catalyst screening studies, kinetic studies of the reactions of several lithium peroxide formulations with water vapor and carbon dioxide, and complete chemical kinetic studies for the air revitalization reactions of a peroxide/silver-metal powder formulation were performed. A commercially available lithium peroxide pellet formulation was evaluated for air regeneration purposes. The thermal stability characteristics of various lithium peroxide formulations were ascertained.

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Test and Evaluation of Electronic Image Generation and Projection Devices. Volume III - Evaluation of projection Screens (Report posted 9/8/2009)

Report Number: AMRL TR 65-116 Vol. III
Author(s): John H. Harshbarger; James D. Basinger
Corporate Author: Systems Research Laboratories, Inc.; Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories
Laboratory: Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories
Publication Date: 12/1/1965
Pages: 70
Features: + Graph(s) + Photo(s) + Table(s)
Contract: AF 33(615)-1889
Project: 6114
Task: 611405
AD Number: AD0630659
Photo Enhancement: Complete

Abstract Text:

The report presents data from an evaluation of seven types of projection screen surfaces to determine which surface best meets the requirements of visual simulation for astronautical flight training. In order to evaluate the various screen surfaces in terms of their brightness and the angle through which incident light is reflected, methods of measurement were devised which compared each screen to a given reference surface. Two materials were tried as the reference surface, the traditional matte white surface of magnesium carbonate and a special type of white paint applied to masonite. The latter surface reflected the more uniform pattern of light, but proved difficult to duplicate due to the great care needed to apply the paint evenly. Thus the report recommends continued use of magnesium carbonate block as the standard reference for display screen measurements. The test data on the seven screen surfaces indicates a wide variation in display characteristics. Apparently the user must accept an appropriate compromise between brightness and viewing angle -- the more confined the viewing angle the brighter the display. It was also noted that flaws in the screen surface are particularly apparent in the more directive, brighter screen materials. It is thus essential that screens employing such materials be manufactured with extreme care.

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Survey of Life Sciences Computer Programs (Report posted 9/8/2009)

Report Number: AMRL TR 65-113
Author(s): Ibrahim B. Hammidi; Lilliam Dresher; Carol S. Wade; Thomas J. Watson
Corporate Author: International Business Machines Corporation
Laboratory: Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories
Publication Date: 11/1/1965
Pages: 180
Contract: AF 33(657)-11347
Project: 7233
Task: 723305
AD Number: AD0627152
Photo Enhancement: Not Needed

Abstract Text:

A need exists for dissemination of information on the uses of computers in the life sciences. This report attempts to provide the information necessary to locate and request programs or program descriptions and listings. Typical applications in the life sciences are described for general programs on information retrieval, cross-tabulation of data, tests of statistical hypotheses, regression analysis, multivariate analysis, time series analysis, analysis of variance and covariance, mathematical diagnosis, linear programming, simulation, numerical techniques, and matrix algebra. In addition to these general purpose programs, many special purpose programs exist which are applicable within the gamut of research problems. Some specific examples are finding interatomic distances and angles, blood volume analysis, cardiac arrythmia analysis, etc. The Key-word-in-Context (KWIC) - Index of life sciences computer programs consisting of (1) the Key-Word Index, (2) Author Index, and (3) Code-Name Index is given in the final section of the report.

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Application of Lithium Chemicals for Air Regeneration of Manned Spacecraft (Report posted 9/8/2009)

Report Number: AMRL TR 65-106
Author(s): R. O. Bach; W. W. Boardman; J. W. Robinson
Corporate Author: Lithium Corporation of America
Laboratory: Biomedical Laboratory
Publication Date: 6/1/1965
Pages: 132
Features: + Diagram(s) + Graph(s) + Table(s)
Contract: AF 33(616)-1588
Project: 6373
Task: 637302
AD Number: AD0619497
Photo Enhancement: Not Needed

Abstract Text:

Lithium oxide of highly active surface area (10 sq m/g or better) has been prepared. This material can absorb up to 1.25 times its weight of carbon dioxide, thus making the most efficient CO2 absorber on the basis of its weight. For efficient operation, the molar ratio of water vapor over carbon dioxide in the gaseous atmosphere should be at least unity. At 5 psia of oxygen and 50% relative humidity, the temperature of the gas should be at least 50F (10C) to approach this molar ratio value. A 'passivedynamic' atmosphere regeneration unit was designed with a small motor blower that circulates the gaseous environment through a cone shaped granular bed of lithium oxide (4-14 mesh). The unit weighs 4-1/2 pounds and has been shown to absorb the daily carbon dioxide output, or more, of one man. The outflowing gas is free of irritating dust due to efficient filters and the gas temperatures are at comfortable levels. The effects of weightlessness, vibration and acceleration on the functioning of the unit, have been considered in its design. An adequate amount of safety of operation also was Imparted to the unit. The unit can easily be recharged with fresh lithium oxide granules.

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Effect of Confirmation Peeking and Response Mode on Programmed Instruction (Report posted 9/8/2009)

Report Number: AMRL TR 67-225
Author(s): Horace H. Valverde
Corporate Author: Behavioral Sciences Laboratory
Laboratory: Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories
Publication Date: 12/1/1968
Pages: 32
Features: + Diagram(s) + Table(s)
Contract: Laboratory Research - No Contract
Project: 1710
Task: 171003
AD Number: AD0686422
Photo Enhancement: Not Needed

Abstract Text:

An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of peeking on programmed instruction. The study tested the following hypotheses: (1) the requirement for overt responses does not increase learning in programmed instruction, (2) devices or formats to preclude confirmation peeking do not increase the effectiveness of programmed instruction, and (3) time can be saved by eliminating the requirement for overt responses. Two groups of 39 subjects each were used. The subjects were commissioned officer Air Force pilot trainees and Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps (AFROTC), junior and senior college students matched on the basis of scores obtained on the Officer Quality Composite of the Air Force Officer Qualifying Test (AFOQT). The stimulus material was a radar orientation programmed text. Results of the study were: (1) peeking did not reduce the effectiveness of programmed instruction; (2) students who responded covertly learned as efficiently as students who responded overtly; and (3) covert responding did not save instructional time.

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The Loeve-Karhunen Expansion as a Means of Information Compression for Classification of Continuous Signals (Report posted 9/8/2009)

Report Number: AMRL TR 65-114
Author(s): Satosi Watanabe
Corporate Author: International Business Machines Corporation
Laboratory: Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories
Publication Date: 10/1/1965
Pages: 34
Features: + Graph(s)
Contract: AF 33(657)-11347
Project: 7233
Task: 723305
AD Number: AD0628684
Photo Enhancement: Not Needed

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Test and Evaluation of Electronic Image Generation and Projection Devices. Volume I. Evaluation Technique (Report posted 9/8/2009)

Report Number: AMRL TR 65-116 Vol. I
Author(s): John H. Harshbarger
Corporate Author: Systems Research Laboratories, Inc.
Laboratory: Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories
Publication Date: 8/1/1965
Pages: 48
Features: + Diagram(s) + Photo(s)
Contract: AF 33(615)-1889
Project: 6114
Task: 611405
AD Number: AD0623908
Photo Enhancement: Complete

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Carbon Dioxide Reduction and Water Electrolysis System (Report posted 9/4/2009)

Report Number: AMRL TR 67-227
Author(s): Byung C. Kim; Edwin S. Kolic; Robert H. Cherry; John E. Clifford
Corporate Author: Battelle Memorial Institute
Laboratory: Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories
Publication Date: 5/1/1968
Pages: 84
Features: + Diagram(s) + Graph(s) + Photo(s) + Table(s)
Contract: AF 33(615)-3444
Project: 6373
Task: 637302
AD Number: AD0673903
Photo Enhancement: Complete

Abstract Text:

An integrated system for oxygen recovery from carbon dioxide was investigated as a breadboard laboratory model of nominal 1/2-man capacity. System design for carbon dioxide reduction was based on alternate operation of two Bosch reactors with periodic cool down for removal of carbon and replenishment of catalyst. Experimental studies demonstrated attainment of the design objectives of a carbon-to-catalyst ratio above 20 and an overall carbon- packing density of 0.45 g/cu.cm. in the catalyst chamber. Degradation of Bosch reactor materials during extended operation was a problem that was not completely resolved. Experimental studies indicated that a regenerable solid- adsorbent based on combinations of silica gel and molecular sieve operating on alternate cycles of absorption and desorption can be used for efficient transfer of water vapor from the Bosch recycle gas to a water-vapor electrolysis cell. The original matrix-type water-vapor electrolysis unit with Pd-25Ag hydrogen diffusion cathodes did not perform satisfactorily and was replaced by a water- vapor electrolysis unit with phosphoric acid electrolyte for satisfactory evaluation of water-vapor transfer for the integrated system.

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Evaluation of Immunoassay Methods for Prolactin in Body Fluids (Report posted 9/4/2009)

Report Number: AMRL TR 66-113
Author(s): D. A. Dilley
Corporate Author: Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories
Laboratory: Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories
Publication Date: 9/1/1966
Pages: 32
Features: + Photo(s) + Table(s)
Contract: Laboratory Research - No Contract
Project: 6302
Task: 630202
AD Number: AD0646432
Photo Enhancement: Complete

Abstract Text:

A practical immunologic assay to detect the hormone, prolactin, in body fluids was evaluated. Prolactin content was assayed using positive antiprolactin sera prepared in rabbits and test samples of serum, urine, and urinary extract from a borane exposed female monkey in micro-Ouchterlony gel diffusion and agglutination inhibition tests. The gel diffusion test gave qualitative results while the agglutination inhibition test allowed quantitation of prolactin content. Results of the later test indicated a possible difference in pre- and postborane exposure prolactin content of monkey urine. Further work in this area will need to be done to clarify this preliminary evidence and to expand on its applicability to human exposure to boranes.

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Water Reclamation by Reverse Osmosis (Report posted 9/4/2009)

Report Number: AMRL TR 68-190
Author(s): John H. Fossum
Corporate Author: Melpar, Inc.
Laboratory: Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories
Publication Date: 5/1/1969
Pages: 56
Features: + Diagram(s) + Table(s)
Contract: F33615-67-C-1534
Project: 6373
Task: 637304
AD Number: AD0692720
Photo Enhancement: Not Needed

Abstract Text:

A laboratory reverse osmosis system capable of purifying 4 liters of a mixture of 2.4 liters of urine and 1.6 liters of either wash or dehumidification water in a 24-hour period was fabricated. The quantitative rejection of urea by the membranes was found to be the major problem. Urea rejection by complexing urea with various chemicals was investigated but no significant increase was realized. The effect of storage conditions on membrane performance was investigated. A study was made of the annealing of cellulose acetate membranes and attempts were made to develop satisfactory benzyl derivatives of cellulose acetate. A method was developed which permitted a rapid evaluation of membrane performance. A satisfactory membrane was found to result from the precise control of the annealing process.

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Compound Net Model of the Cerebral Cortex (Report posted 9/4/2009)

Report Number: AMRL TR 68-189
Author(s): E. M. Harth; B. Beek; T. J. Csermely; R. D. Lindsay
Corporate Author: Syracuse University
Laboratory: Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories
Publication Date: 6/1/1969
Pages: 72
Features: + Diagram(s) + Graph(s)
Contract: F33615-67-C-1413
Project: 7232
Task: 723205
AD Number: AD0692719
Photo Enhancement: Not Needed

Abstract Text:

The central nervous system is believed to consist of a network of neurons, combining in its structure genetically determined design with probabilistic features. A model is described in which probabilistic nets are used as building blocks from which systems can be assembled, approximating for example the interaction between sensory projection areas in the cortex with cortical association areas. The operation of such compound nets is based on the dynamics of single probabilistic nets and on a set of assumptions concerning the coding of sensory information into the language of central neuronal activity. Data describing the dynamics of simple nets are presented. It is found that various types of information processing can be explained by applying the hypothesis of synaptic facilitation to compound nets. Sustained neural activity is investigated, particularly the problem of ergodicity. Highly non-ergodic types of reverberations were found both theoretically and by computer simulation for certain types of nets.

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Influence on Student Achievement of Redundancy in Self-Instructional Materials (Report posted 9/2/2009)

Report Number: AMRL TR 68-75
Author(s): Horace H. Valverde; Ross L. Morgan
Corporate Author: Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory
Laboratory: Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory
Publication Date: 12/1/1968
Pages: 24
Features: + Diagram(s) + Table(s)
Contract: Laboratory Research - No Contract
Project: 1710
Task: 171007
AD Number: AD0686737
Photo Enhancement: Not Needed

Abstract Text:

Five versions of an instructional program on medical terminology were experimentally evaluated to determine the effect of redundancy or repetition on learning. The subjects were assigned to five groups. A different instructional mode was administered to the subjects in each group. The modes contained identical terminal behaviors, and a 79-item multiple-choice test, which exhausted the population of behaviors, served as the achievement criterion.

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Design and Operation of Root C, a Small Syncoder Network Simulator (Report posted 9/2/2009)

Report Number: AMRL TR 67-236
Author(s): Roger A. Gruenke; J. Ryland Mundie
Corporate Author: Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories
Laboratory: Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories
Publication Date: 5/1/1968
Pages: 22
Features: + Diagram(s) + Graph(s) + Photo(s) + Table(s)
Contract: Laboratory Research - No Contract
Project: 7233
Task: 723303
AD Number: AD0672976
Photo Enhancement: Complete

Abstract Text:

A syncoder is an electronic model of some of the information processing properties of nerve cells. This report describes the equations of operation of a single syncoder and serves as an instruction manual for the programming and operation of a network simulator containing 10 syncoders. The network simulator, called 'Root C,' also contains a patch panel, voltage sources, a meter and the necessary input-output lines to permit the simulation of small networks of syncoders. An appendix contains a complete circuit description of a single syncoder.

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Predictor Display Techniques for On-Board Trajectory Optimization of Rendezvous Maneuvers (Report posted 9/2/2009)

Report Number: AMRL TR 66-60
Author(s): William K. McCoy, Jr.; George G. Frost
Corporate Author: Ritchie, Inc.; Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories
Laboratory: Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories
Publication Date: 5/1/1966
Pages: 52
Features: + Diagram(s) + Graph(s) + Photo(s) + Table(s)
Contract: AF 33(615)-2353
Project: 7184
Task: 718402
AD Number: AD0635918
Photo Enhancement: Complete

Abstract Text:

Predictor displays for orbital rendezvous present to the pilot target position, interceptor position, and a continuous prediction of the interceptor trajectory relative to the target. Two experiments using rendezvous predictor displays are reported: (1) a comparison of on-line and off-line predictor techniques, and (2) a comparison of intermittent versus continuous updating of the prediction. All conditions tested yielded successful rendezvous performance. Off-line prediction, where the pilot could, at will, interrogate the predictor without expending fuel, was demonstrated to be significantly better than on-line prediction where the pilot could see only his actual predicted path. Intermittent updating produced no significant degradation of performance with update rates as low as once per 50 seconds.

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Imitation, Modeling, and Cross-Cultural Training (Report posted 9/2/2009)

Report Number: AMRL TR 66-88
Author(s): Otto Zinser
Corporate Author: Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories
Laboratory: Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories
Publication Date: 7/1/1966
Pages: 40
Contract: Laboratory Research - No Contract
Project: 1710
Task: 171008
AD Number: AD0642427
Photo Enhancement: Not Needed

Abstract Text:

A study of the literature on imitation and modeling was conducted to aid in development of a modeling training technique to accelerate the acquisition of cross-cultural interaction skills. The modeling procedure is designed to provide exemplary behavior to the trainee via videotape recording. The literature review includes a summary of theoretical positions that have been formulated, a survey of research in terms of the variables that have been investigated, and a review of modeling techniques that have found application. A discussion devoted to implications for developing a cross-cultural training technique is also presented. The advantages and disadvantages of various procedures for constructing an effective modeling technique are examined. The literature reviewed indicated that a modeling training technique has to date not been used to aid in the acquisition of cross-cultural interaction skills. The report concludes with the recommendation that the effectiveness of such a training technique be evaluated.

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Evaluation of Two Cyclic-Strain Impact Attenuators (Report posted 9/2/2009)

Report Number: AMRL TR 66-221
Author(s): Richard F. Managan; Kenneth C. Flagg; John H. Duddy; Neville P. Clarke
Corporate Author: Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories
Laboratory: Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories
Publication Date: 5/1/1967
Pages: 22
Features: + Diagram(s) + Graph(s) + Photo(s) + Table(s)
Contract: Laboratory Research - No Contract
Project: 6301
Task: 630102
AD Number: AD0657798
Photo Enhancement: Complete

Abstract Text:

Two impact energy attenuators operating on the principle of cyclic straining of materials were tested to determine: (1) maximum output accelerations and (2) resultant attenuator deflections. The attenuators were tested in tension with initial impact velocities from 914 to 1338 centimeters per second and maximum input accelerations from 21 G to 58 G. The attenuators were tested in compression with initial impact velocities from 546 to 855 centimeters per second. The maximum output acceleration showed dependency upon payload that was consistent with the attenuator design theory.

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Learner-Centered Instruction (LCI): Volume II - Job Behavioral Description for AFSC 322X1R (Report posted 9/2/2009)

Report Number: AMRL TR 68-51
Author(s): William J. Pieper; John D. Folley; Horace H. Valverde
Corporate Author: Applied Science Associates, Inc.; Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories
Laboratory: Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories
Publication Date: 8/1/1968
Pages: 38
Features: + Diagram(s)
Contract: AF 33(615)-5161
Project: 1710
Task: 171004
AD Number: AD0678037
Photo Enhancement: Not Needed

Abstract Text:

The report describes the approach taken in the development of a job-behavioral description for the Learner-Centered Instruction (LCI), Weapon Control Systems Mechanic/Technician, Air Force Specialty Code (AFSC) 332X1R course to be conducted at Lowry AFB, Colorado. The behavioral description will serve as a basis for the preparation of Statements of Learning Objectives (SOLOS) and a performance criterion test in the development of the LCI course. The term LCI, as used in this advanced development program, refers to a course based upon a systems approach to training. The course is a job-oriented electronics course for training airmen to perform flight-line maintenance tasks on weapon control systems.

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Preliminary Study on the Microbial Flora of Normal Human Subjects in a Restricted Environment (Report posted 9/2/2009)

Report Number: AMRL TR 66-59
Author(s): Joseph V. Rack; Sheldon A. London
Corporate Author: Miami Valley Hospital; Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories
Laboratory: Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories
Publication Date: 12/1/1965
Pages: 40
Features: + Photo(s) + Table(s)
Contract: AF 33(657)-11716
Project: 7164
Task: 716405
AD Number: AD0643162
Photo Enhancement: Complete

Abstract Text:

Microorganisms were recovered from selected skin and mucosal surfaces of men in groups of four living in a restricted environment. Of several sampling methods studied, the use of cotton swabs proved to be the technique most appropriate for the scope of this study. Differences between the microbial flora of the test subjects and major alterations in microbial populations were observed. These alterations could not be definitely attributed to the direct influence of the MA-10 full pressure suit. However, three of the pressure suited subjects exhibited foot lesions, initiated by a bacterium apparently indigenous to those individuals, during the period when the suits were worn. These data indicated that the carrier state may be of greater significance to the carrier than to other individuals in the restricted environment. Although transference of certain microbes was noted, the exchange of microorganisms generally considered to be pathogenic was not observed.

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Identification of Volatile Contaminants of Space Cabin Materials (Report posted 9/2/2009)

Report Number: AMRL TR 66-53
Author(s): J. V. Pustinger, Jr.; F. N. Hodgson; W. D. Ross
Corporate Author: Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories
Laboratory: Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories
Publication Date: 6/1/1966
Pages: 212
Features: + Diagram(s) + Graph(s) + Photo(s) + Table(s)
Contract: AF 33(615)-1779
Project: 6302
Task: 630204
AD Number: AD0642054
Photo Enhancement: Complete

Abstract Text:

Fifty-five candidate materials for space cabin construction were stored for 30, 60, and 90 day periods at 23-25C, and 20-40% R.H. in environments of air at a pressure of one atmosphere and oxygen at 5 psia. The composition of the gas-off products were determined by mass spectrometry and gas chromatography. Additional analyses were performed on desorbates from four carbon canisters from space cabin simulators and the hydrolysis products of MCS 198.

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Use of Dichromatic Earpiece Densitometry for Determination of Cardiac Output (Report posted 9/2/2009)

Report Number: AMRL TR 64-134
Author(s): John H. Reed Jr.; Earl H. Wood
Corporate Author: The Mayo Clinic and Mayo Graduate School of Medicine
Laboratory: Biophysics Laboratory
Publication Date: 12/1/1964
Pages: 20
Features: + Diagram(s) + Graph(s)
Contract: AF 33(657)-8899
Project: 7222
AD Number: AD0613335
Photo Enhancement: Not Needed

Abstract Text:

Dye-dilution curves were recorded simultaneously by a monochromatic earpiece densitometer, a dichromatic earpiece densitometer and a cuvette densitometer through which blood was sampled continuously from a radial artery. Comparison of cardiac output values were made using the direct coupled arterial cuvette as a standard in nine healthy subjects during three periods of rest and during two periods of pedalling a bicycle ergometer at different levels of work output. Data are also included from similar studies carried out in five cardiac patients in whom no great vessel or intracardiac shunts could be demonstrated. The results showed a high degree of variability for the monochromatic earpiece densitometer values (standard deviation of differences: =31%) because of baseline variations due to changing conditions in the ear. The dichromatic earpiece densitometer which compensates for dynamic changes in the ear showed satisfactory comparison with arterial cuvette densitometer (standard deviation of differences: =14%). The dichromatic earpiece densitometer showed a linear relationship between its calibration factor for dye (centimeters deflection/milligrams dye/liter of blood) and the relative blood content of the ear. A dichromatic ear densitometer appears feasible for estimating cardiac output where use of more direct methods is precluded.

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Validation of the Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories 3-Channel Personal Telemetry System (Report posted 9/2/2009)

Report Number: AMRL TR 64-124
Author(s): Albert F. Ax
Corporate Author: The Lafayette Clinic
Laboratory: Biophysics Laboratory
Publication Date: 12/1/1964
Pages: 34
Features: + Table(s)
Contract: AF 33(657)-9352
Project: 7222
Task: None Given
AD Number: AD0610589
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Abstract Text:

The art of physiological telemetry is borderline in three areas: (1) sensors, (2) transmitter, (3) data processing. This study assessed the AMRL 3-channel personal telemetry from all three aspects. Analysis of the records transmitted from men in various graded intensities of physical activity revealed that of the three physiological variables (respiration, EKG, and temperature), respiration was the least valid. Torso circumference changes sensed by rubber tube strain gages proved superior to the impedance method for measuring respiration. Some tentative findings on a stress interview study reveal the telemetry method to have promise. It was shown that the major difficulty preventing widespread use of physiological telemetry in significant field situations is the lack of a practicable high-speed data processing system which can distinguish and utilize the occasionally valid physiological signal emersed in artifact or noise produced by movements and changing environmental influences. The solution to the artifact problem is first to sense and utilize movement and environmental influences to gate out and to correct the physiological data and second to develop automatic editing apparatus and computer programs for recognition and selection of the valid signal patterns.

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SYSTRAN (Systems Analysis Translator): A Digital Computer Program. Supplement One (Report posted 9/2/2009)

Report Number: AMRL TR 65-133 (Sup. I)
Author(s): E. B. Weis; D. J. Lajeunesse
Corporate Author: Research and Technology Division; Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories;
Laboratory: Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories
Publication Date: 3/1/1966
Pages: 92
Features: + Diagram(s)
Contract: Laboratory Research - No Contract
Project: 7231
Task: 723101
AD Number: AD0638168
Photo Enhancement: Not Needed

Abstract Text:

SYSTRAN was originally developed around a data acquisition system and was primarily intended for use in analysis of periodic and transient signals. Although the system included some capability for handling random data it was limited. The additions have been made for the purpose of handling unusual data (including random). Extensions of the capability of the original program, corrections to the original program, and listings of all modifications and additions are described. In particular this report describes the addition of computing capability for accomplishing Digital Filtering, Probability Density Function Calculation, and Random Number Generation. The report discusses all aspects of the program essential to competent usage.

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SYSTRAN (Systems Analysis Translator): A Digital Computer Program. Supplement Two (Report posted 9/2/2009)

Report Number: AMRL TR 65-133 (Sup. II)
Author(s): E. B. Weis; D. J. Lajeunesse
Corporate Author: Research and Technology Division; Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories;
Laboratory: Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories
Publication Date: 12/1/1967
Pages: 28
Features: + Diagram(s) + Graph(s)
Contract: Laboratory Research - No Contract
Project: 7231
Task: 723101
AD Number: AD0670161
Photo Enhancement: Not Needed

Abstract Text:

SYSTRAN was originally developed around a data acquisition system and was primarily intended for use in analysis of periodic and transient data. It was modified to include some capability for handling random data. In use, the program was found to be cumbersome in that a tremendous number of control cards were needed to accomplish certain types of data analysis. A new system was added to allow program controlled generation of these cards. Also a few additional capabilities were included to extend the usefulness of the system. Specifically, this report describes a control card generator, an option to allow redefinition of Fourier Transforms over parts of the frequency range, an option to allow direct loading from cards of Fourier Transforms, an extension of the digital filter length, a major modification of the existing auxiliary system and other minor corrections and modifications.

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Carbon Dioxide Reduction with Alkali-Metal Amalgams (Report posted 9/2/2009)

Report Number: AMRL TR 68-36
Author(s): Richard W. Treharne; Charles M. Cox
Corporate Author: Charles F. Kettering Research Laboratory; Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories
Laboratory: Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories
Publication Date: 8/1/1968
Pages: 26
Features: + Diagram(s) + Table(s)
Contract: F33615-67-C-1333
Project: 6373
Task: 63706
AD Number: AD0679597
Photo Enhancement: Not Needed

Abstract Text:

The reduction of carbon dioxide by alkali-metal amalgams was studied as a potential means for reclamation of carbon dioxide waste gas in space systems. The carbon dioxide reduction reactions were investigated at moderate temperatures and pressures - typically 25 to 200 C and 1 to 1.1 atmospheres. The investigations demonstrated that carbon dioxide can be reduced effectively by an appropriate alkali-metal amalgam system. Moreover, the alkali-amalgam expended in the carbon dioxide reduction process can be reclaimed by electrolysis from an aqueous or nonaqueous salt solution containing the fixed carbon dioxide products. The carbon dioxide fixation products can be drained-off or, in some cases, recycled for further reduction. In the carbon dioxide reduction reactions by alkali-amalgam systems, a wide variety of products ranging from simple organic acids, such as formic and oxalic acid, to totally reduced carbon dioxide in the form of carbon black have been identified. The types of products formed are dependent upon such factors as the type of alkali-metal amalgam used, temperature, pressure, and electrolytic reducing conditions. In electrolytic recovery of the alkali-metal amalgam from aqueous media, oxygen also is produced as a useful by-product of the carbon dioxide reduction system.

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Standardization of Symbols and Units for Environmental Research (Report posted 9/2/2009)

Report Number: AMRL TR 66-115
Author(s): W. C. Kaufman
Corporate Author: Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories
Laboratory: Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories
Publication Date: 8/1/1966
Pages: 12
Contract: Laboratory Research - No Contract
Project: 7222
Task: 722207
AD Number: AD0644684
Photo Enhancement: Not Needed

Abstract Text:

A logical system of symbols to designate the widely accepted biological variables routinely measured in environmental research is described. Upper case letters are used for three major symbols of temperature, heat quantity, and rate of heat transfer. These are modified by upper case subscripts for physical variables and lower case subscripts for biological variables.

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Unsupervised Sequential Classification of Nonstationary Time Series (Report posted 9/2/2009)

Report Number: AMRL TR 67-230
Author(s): Thomas J. Harley, Jr.
Corporate Author: Philco-Ford Corporation
Laboratory: Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories
Publication Date: 10/1/1968
Pages: 40
Contract: AF 33(615)-2966
Project: 7233
Task: 723305
AD Number: AD0680824
Photo Enhancement: Not Needed

Abstract Text:

The problem of unsupervised sequential classification of nonstationary time series is formulated as a compound decision problem. The a priori class probabilities are assumed to be stochastically independent, time varying, and unknown. The class-conditional cumulative distribution functions of the random variable, X, are assumed to be of known parametric form, but with the parameter values unknown and time varying. A Bayesian approach is taken, employing an a priori distribution on the unknown parameters and class probabilities, which leads to a solution in terms of minimizing the sample conditional risk. If the unknown parameters and class probabilities are assumed to have Markov time dependence, then the nonstationary problem can be reformulated in terms of the problem of classifying stationary time series with known parameters and with known Markov dependence on the states-of-nature. Specific results are presented for two special cases - unknown, time varying a priori class probabilities, and unknown time varying mean.

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SYSTRAN (Systems Analysis Translator): A Digital Computer Program. (Report posted 8/19/2009)

Report Number: AMRL TR 65-133
Author(s): D. J. La Jeunesse; E. B. Weis; T. J. Hogan
Corporate Author: Research and Technology Division; Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories; Technology, Inc.
Laboratory: Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories
Publication Date: 7/1/1965
Pages: 326
Features: + Diagram(s)
Contract: AF 33(616)-10010
Project: 7231
Task: 723101
AD Number: AD0624468
Photo Enhancement: Not Needed

Abstract Text:

The mechanics, mathematics, and usage of a program written in FORTRAN IV and MAP for the IBM 7094 are described. The program is called SYSTRAN (systems analysis translator) and it includes subroutines for most of the common tools for frequency domain analysis of linear systems ( such as Fourier transforms and inverse Fourier transforms, complex algebra, and correlation functions). The report is essentially an instruction manual. It contains a discussion of all aspects of the program essential to competent usage.

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The Mammalian Central Nervous System as a Network (Report posted 8/18/2009)

Report Number: AMRL TR 67-187
Author(s): Anatol Rapoport; William J. Horvath; R. Baldwin Small; Stephen S. Fox
Corporate Author: University of Michigan
Laboratory: Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories
Publication Date: 4/1/1968
Pages: 672
Features: + Diagram(s) + Table(s)
Contract: AF 33(615)-2956
Project: 7233
Task: 723304
AD Number: AD0670193
Photo Enhancement: Not Needed

Abstract Text:

The central nervous system of mammals is described in terms of block diagrams and a 418 x 418 matrix showing the connections between identifiable sites. The terminology is neuroanatomical and the sites are the identifiable cell groupings (nuclei and other structures) in the brain and spinal cord. The connections between these sites were obtained from the published literature on the anatomy of the nervous system. The use of systems notation to describe this rich network of connections leads to a readily available data bank for carrying out various types of mathematical and theoretical studies, as well as a convenient reference and guide for future neurophysiological and anatomical research.

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Methods of Flight Vehicle Noise Prediction (Report posted 8/18/2009)

Report Number: WADC TR 58-343
Author(s): Peter A. Franken, Edward M. Kerwin, Jr.
Corporate Author: Bolt Beranek and Newman Inc.
Laboratory: Wright Air Development Center
Publication Date: 11/1/1958
Pages: 191
Features: + Diagram(s) + Graph(s) + Table(s)
Contract: AF 33(616)-5274
Project: 1370
Task: 13786
PB Number: PB151827
AD Number: AD0205776
Photo Enhancement: Not Needed

Abstract Text:

Detailed engineering procedures are presented for estimating sound pressure levels on or within a flight vehicle. The report is oriented for use by the aircraft engineer in making preliminary estimates of noise levels on or in a vehicle, when the vehicl is still in the design stage. Therefore, the proceedures are expressed in terms of general parameters (such as mechanical power, typical dimensiions, forward speed) which may be obtained to a satisfactory degree of accuracy long before flight testing.

The first step in the procedure is the estimation of noise levels exterior to the vehicle. Contributions from the various sources of noise that may be encountered are estimated. The effects of forward speed and altitude on exterior noise levels are considered in some detail.

Next, the basic noise-transmitting properties of panel structures are studied. The effects of coincidences, resonances, damping, etc., are included.

Finally, the particular vehicle geometry of interest is considered. The source and transmission properties already determined can then be combined, with appropriate geometrical corrections for the character of the receiving space, to yield the desired estimates of the interior noise levels.

Several examples are worked out in detail to illustrate the application of the report procedures to typical vehicle configurations.

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Methods of Space Vehicle Noise Prediction (Report posted 8/18/2009)

Report Number: WADC TR 58-343 Volume 2
Author(s): Peter A. Franken
Corporate Author: Bolt Beranek and Newman Inc.
Laboratory: Flight Dynamics Laboratory
Publication Date: 9/1/1960
Pages: 167
Features: + Diagram(s) + Graph(s) + Table(s)
Contract: AF 33(616)-6217
Project: 1370
Task: 13786
AD Number: AD0260955
Photo Enhancement: Not Needed

Abstract Text:

Possible sources of noise in space vehicles are reviewed. Information is summarized describing the various fluctuating pressure fields that may exist at the vehicle exterior. The response of the vehicle structure to these pressure fields and the resulting radiation of noise to the internal spaces are studied analytically. The need for new theoretical and experimental knowledge in specific areas is emphasized.

The effects of rocket engine noise on communication and hearing are considered in detail. General comments are made concerning vehicle and equipment design for noise control.

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Feasibility Investigations of Electrostatic Precipitation for the Removal of Gaseous Trace Contaminants from Manned Cabin Atmospheres (Report posted 8/18/2009)

Report Number: AMRL TR 68-111
Author(s): George J. Doyle
Corporate Author: Stanford Research Institute
Laboratory: Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory
Publication Date: 7/1/1968
Pages: 52
Features: + Diagram(s) + Graph(s) + Table(s)
Contract: AF 33(615)-2405
Project: 6373
Task: 637302
AD Number: AD0678927
Photo Enhancement: Not Needed

Abstract Text:

This research is part of a program to study the feasibility of using a modified mode of electrostatic precipitation to remove polar gaseous trace contaminants from manned space-cabin atmospheres. A cell was developed for the removal of polar contaminant molecules from a 100 ml/min air inflow at part-per-million concentration levels of the contaminant. The operating principle of this cell is as follows: Positive lithium ions are thermionically generated and injected into the contaminated air stream. Ionic reaction products are collected at a set of porous metal collection electrodes. These electrodes are air-eluted. They are situated at the bottoms of slot-shaped wells to minimize escape of the collected contaminant molecules through diffusion. A measured efficiency of 20% for removal of acetone at a concentration of 1 ppm in dry air was finally achieved with this cell after considerable development work on the apparatus. This result is tentative pending further confirmatory experiments.

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Measurement Of Thermal Properties (Report posted 7/10/2009)

Report Number: WADD TR 60-904
Author(s): Fieldhouse, I. B.; Lang, J. I.
Corporate Author: Armour Research Foundation
Corp. Rep. Number: None Given
Laboratory: Directorate of Materials and Processes
Publication Date: 7/1/1961
Pages: 129
Features: + Diagram(s) + Graph(s) + Photo(s) + Table(s)
Contract: AF 33(616)-6324
Project: 7381
Task: 73812
AD Number: AD0268304
Photo Enhancement: Complete

Abstract Text:

The purpose of this investigation has been to measure the thermal Conductivity, specific heat, and linear coefficient of thermal expansion of particular materials.

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Design, Fabrication, and Flight Testing of Self-Organizing Flight Control System (Report posted 6/3/2009)

Report Number: AFFDL TR 70-77
Author(s): Barron, Roger L.
Corporate Author: Adaptronics, Inc. McLean, Virginia
Laboratory: Air Force Flight Dynamics Laboratory
Publication Date: 6/1/1970
Pages: 230
Features: + Diagram(s) + Foldout(s) + Graph(s) + Photo(s) + Table(s)
Contract: AF 33(615)-5141
Project: None Given
Task: None Given
AD Number: AD0872609
Photo Enhancement: Complete

Abstract Text:

The report summarizes design characteristics, simulations, bench tests, and flight tests of an elementary self-organizing controller (SOC) for the pitch axis of the F-101B aircraft. This controller was flown with a cockpit electric side stick in a pseudo-fly-by-wire configuration, that is, as a fly-by-wire system with a normally disengaged mechanical backup. Blended pitch-rate and forward normal acceleration feedback (C*) and stabilator position feedback were the primary return signals used by the SOC. An optional Mach Trim loop was also investigated. The SOC, which incorporated unique modulated-noise circuits to minimize adverse effects of control-loop nonlinearities, had full authority over the aircraft stabilator within the inherent rate and position limits of the actuator. 32 test flights were conducted with the SOC, constituting a total flying time of approximately 40 hours. These flights encompassed nearly the entire performance envelope of the F-101B and included piloting tasks representative of missions flown with current fighter aircraft. The Air Force pilots rated the SOC between A1 and A2 on the CAL Revised Pilot Rating Scale. There were no in-flight malfunctions of the SOC equipment.

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Research on Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication on High-Speed Rolling-Sliding Contacts (Report posted 6/3/2009)

Report Number: AFAPL TR 71-54
Author(s): Smith, Richard L.; Walowit, Jed A.; Gupta, Pradeep K.; McGrew, John M.
Corporate Author: Mechanical Technology, Inc. Latham, New York
Laboratory: Air Force Aero Propulsion Laboratory
Publication Date: 12/1/1970
Pages: 176
Features: + Diagram(s) + Drawing(s) + Foldout(s) + Graph(s) + Photo(s)
Contract: F33615-69-C-1305
Project: 3048
Task: 304806
AD Number: AD0737374
Photo Enhancement: Complete

Abstract Text:

A rolling disc apparatus has been designed and built. Tractions between two crown discs lubricated with 5P4E polyphenyl ether have been measured as function of slip rate over a range of Hertz pressure (80,000-140,000 psi), rolling speeds (900-1820 ips), and temperatures (175 F - 215 F). Comparisons are made between measured tractions, Battelle data, and various analytical predictions. The MTI data agree qualitatively with Battelle measurements except that MTI data are found to be relatively insensitive to temperature whereas Battelle reports considerable temperature sensitivity. A semi-empirical mathematical model has been put forth to represent traction measurements.

A computer program for analyzing interactions under partial elastohydrodynamic conditions has been written and a listing is contained in this report.

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Doppler Aided Strapdown Inertial Flight Test Program - 1971 (Report posted 6/2/2009)

Report Number: AFAL TR 71-368
Author(s): Pearson, Vance H.; Cleary, Richard E.; Hargrove, Leonard O.
Corporate Author: Honneywell Inc, St. Petersburg, Florida
Laboratory: Air Force Avionic Laboratory
Publication Date: 12/1/1971
Pages: 68
Features: + Diagram(s) + Drawing(s) + Foldout(s) + Graph(s) + Photo(s) + Table(s)
Contract: F33615-71-C-1633
Project: None Given
Task: None Given
AD Number: AD0890564
Photo Enhancement: Complete

Abstract Text:

The report encompasses preparation of the Honeywell H-429 (SIGN III) Strapdown Inertial System; the design, checkout, and use of an interface unit for acquiring doppler radar and GEANS inertial navigation data; the modification of the analytical mechanization for the doppler aiding and Kalman filter techniques; the software preparation; and conduct of the test program, results and conclusions of the overall effort.

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Inorganic Fluoride Propellant Oxidizers Volume I. Their Effects Upon Seed Germination and Plant Growth (Report posted 5/28/2009)

Report Number: AMRL TR 66-187 Volume 1
Author(s): Donald J. Reed; Frank N. Dost; Chih H. Wang
Corporate Author: Oregon State University
Laboratory: Biomedical Laboratory
Publication Date: 11/1/1967
Pages: 88
Features: + Diagram(s) + Drawing(s) + Graph(s) + Table(s)
Contract: AF 33(615)-1767
Project: 6302
Task: 630204
AD Number: AD0667556
Photo Enhancement: Not Needed

Abstract Text:

Certain inorganic fluorides were reviewed for their chemical, physical and toxicological properties. The compounds are nitrogen trifluoride; tetrafluorohydrazine; chlorine trifluoride; bromine pentafluoride; oxygen difluoride; hydrogen fluoride, and fluorine. Seeds and seedlings of bean, corn, pea, squash and sudan grass were exposed to air or water mixture of these compounds. Exposure of dry seeds to a gaseous 100% NF3 atmosphere for 1 to 8 hours caused inhibition of subsequent germination depending on the seed species. Exposure of seeds to a 10% N2F4 atmosphere for 1 hour completely inhibited germination of all five species of seeds. Exposure of dry seeds to less than 500 ppm of either bromine pentafluoride or chlorine trifluoride in air drastically reduced their subsequent germination even when the exposure time was for less than one hour. Exposures of plant seedlings to gaseous ClF3 in air at 500 and 2,000 ppm for 5 minutes resulted in extensive destruction of the plants; bromine pentafluoride-air mixtures were even more damaging than ClF3 atmospheres. Concentrations of N2F4 or NF3 up to 10,000 ppm in air were required to cause visible damage of plant seedlings after a 30 to 60 minute exposure period. Plant injury was caused by irrigation of plant seedlings with solutions formed by the reaction of ClF3 or BrF5 with water. The exposed seeds and seedlings were analyzed for fluoride content. The equipment and methods used for these exposures is described.

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Compilation Of Tensile And Creep Rupture Data Of Several Al, Mg, Ti, And Steel Alloys, And Ni Superalloys (Report posted 5/28/2009)

Report Number: AFML TR 67-259
Author(s): None Given
Corporate Author: Air Force Materials Lab Wright-Patterson AFB OH
Laboratory: Air Force Materials Laboratory
Publication Date: 4/1/1968
Pages: 954
Features: + Map(s) + Table(s)
Contract: AF 33(600)-32008
Project: 7381
Task: 738103
AD Number: AD0834771
Photo Enhancement: Not Needed

Abstract Text:

A program was conducted to determine the feasibility and possible advantage of processing conventional creep data through the use of computer program technology and to make generally available previously unpublished creep data. Computer programs were developed to fit data, make necessary calculations, tabulate results, and plot finished curves ready for design use. Raw creep data on 24 materials conducted over several years were processed and are presented in the normal format of tensile and creep data.

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Development of a Pulsed X-Ray Television Fluoroscope for Biodynamic Research (Report posted 5/28/2009)

Report Number: AMRL TR 66-189
Author(s): E. B. Weis; W. Q. Leysath; K. R. Horning
Corporate Author: Aerospace Medical Research Laboartories; Admiral Corporation
Laboratory: Biomedical Laboratory
Publication Date: 3/1/1967
Pages: 50
Features: + Diagram(s) + Graph(s) + Photo(s)
Contract: AF 33(615)-1878
Project: 7231
Task: 723101
AD Number: AD0652851
Photo Enhancement: Complete

Abstract Text:

The work presents a logical picture of a biodynamics instrumentation requirement, a design to answer the requirement, testing of the prototype, evaluation of the quality of the prototype, and a discussion of the advantages and limitations of the design. The operational nature of a high-speed X-ray device with certain advantages for biodynamic research is discussed. The final nature of the device is found to have certain advantages over commercially available X-ray units for general medical research purposes as well as for general clinical radiology.

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Integrated Life Support System Study (20-Day Evaluatuion Program) (Report posted 5/28/2009)

Report Number: AMRL TR 66-185
Author(s): Courtney A. Metzger; Eugene Fritz
Corporate Author: Biomedical Laboratory
Laboratory: Biomedical Laboratory
Publication Date: 12/1/1966
Pages: 74
Features: + Diagram(s) + Graph(s) + Photo(s) + Table(s)
Contract: Laboratory Research - No Contract
Project: 6373
Task: None Given
AD Number: AD0656311
Photo Enhancement: Incomplete

Abstract Text:

Tests were conducted to define the various problems involved in the maintenance of an acceptable environment, the number of variables concerned with the man-machine concept, the operation, maintenance and evaluation of single units and integrated systems for the support of life in a simulated aerospace mission. The investigation covered primary problems and benefits associated with water recovery, personal hygiene, sanitation, nutrition, instrumentation, atmospheric conditions at various pressures and mixtures, clothing, crew accommodations, waste management and muscle-strength while confined in a chamber simulating an aerospace vehicle, and the facilities and support required to test and evaluate life support systems.

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Oxygen Supply System for Manned Space Enclosures (Report posted 5/28/2009)

Report Number: AMRL TR 66-169
Author(s): George E Schmauch; Bruce Bailey
Corporate Author: Air Products and Chemicals, Inc.
Laboratory: Biomedical Laboratory
Publication Date: 12/1/1966
Pages: 60
Features: + Diagram(s) + Graph(s) + Photo(s) + Table(s)
Contract: AF 33(615)-3335
Project: 6373
Task: 637302
AD Number: AD0652247
Photo Enhancement: Complete

Abstract Text:

The study was conducted to design, construct, and test an Oxygen Supply System for Manned Space Enclosures. The system was designed to provide oxygen at a rate of 0-91 grams/hr (0-0.2 lbs/hr) for a period of 24 hours, under weightless conditions. The design utilized the catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to breathing oxygen and potable water on demand. It consists of a positive expulsion peroxide storage tank, a catalytic reactor, a heat exchanger, a gravity independent phase separator, and a product storage tank. A laboratory model was constructed and tested to demonstrate the feasibility of the design. This unit produces breathing oxygen and potable water at the design capacity in any gravitational orientation.

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Pulse Duration Modulation Multiplexer (Report posted 5/28/2009)

Report Number: AMRL TR 66-164
Author(s): John G. Howell
Corporate Author: Space Craft, Inc.
Laboratory: Biomedical Laboratory
Publication Date: 12/1/1967
Pages: 28
Features: + Diagram(s) + Table(s)
Contract: AF 33(615)-5076
Project: 7222
Task: None Given
AD Number: AD0667285
Photo Enhancement: Not Needed

Abstract Text:

The report describes the research and development study of a pulse duration modulation multiplexer for use in personal telemetry systems. The objective of the program was to develop a low power, accurate pulse duration modulation multiplexer which has the potential of small physical size and low weight. The technical approach includes the design of low power logic, the use of the most advanced multiplexer switch, and the development of a unique amplification and comparison technique. All the system general requirements and specific requirements are satisfied by the design. The system performance is demonstrated by a laboratory breadboard model. Results of the tests performed on the model verify the feasibility of the engineering design.

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Comparison of Three Modes of Instruction for the Operation of a Complex Oscilloscope (Report posted 5/28/2009)

Report Number: AMRL TR 66-195
Author(s): John D. Folley; Robert H. Woods; John P. Foley
Corporate Author: Applied Science Associates; Behavioral Sciences Laboratory
Laboratory: Behavioral Sciences Laboratory
Publication Date: 3/1/1967
Pages: 70
Features: + Diagram(s) + Photo(s) + Table(s)
Contract: AF 33(615)-1414
Project: 1710
Task: 171007
AD Number: AD0654004
Photo Enhancement: Complete

Abstract Text:

A field experiment was conducted to compare the effectiveness of three modes of instruction in the use of the AF 1807 oscilloscope (Tektronix 545A). Skilled electronic technicians of the U. S. Air Force Security Service served as subjects. One group was trained with an audio-visual instructional program, and a second group with a book form of the same program. The program combined verbal instruction and responses with practice on an oscilloscope. A third group was trained in the manner normally used at the school where the study was conducted. Analysis of variance on test scores indicated superiority of both forms of the program over the conventional instructions with no difference in effectiveness between programs. Electronic aptitude, as measured by the Airman Qualifying Examination, correlated significantly with test scores for the conventionally trained group and for all subjects together.

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General Description and Evaluation of an On-Line Oxygen Uptake Computer (Report posted 5/28/2009)

Report Number: AMRL TR 67-17
Author(s): Abbott T. Kissen; Donald W. McGuire; John J. Sterling
Corporate Author: Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories; University of Dayton; Technology Incorporated
Laboratory: Biomedical Laboratory
Publication Date: 6/1/1967
Pages: 51
Features: + Diagram(s) + Foldout(s) + Graph(s) + Photo(s) + Table(s)
Contract: AF 33(615)-2182
Project: 7222
Task: 722207
AD Number: AD0662624
Photo Enhancement: Complete

Abstract Text:

A series of experiments has been designed to evaluate the performance of an oxygen uptake computer. The Model OCC-2500 oxygen uptake computer is an electronic instrument including a mask-sensor assembly and a special-purpose analog computer. Intended for the analysis of respiratory gases in human subjects, the system produces a real-time analog voltage proportional to the oxygen uptake in one minute or other time periods controlled by the operator. Expired air samples, monitored by the polarographic oxygen sensor and mass gas flowmeter of the computer system were simultaneously collected in a gasometer and analyzed by gas chromatography. Oxygen uptake values (200-3200 cc/min) obtained from 15 subjects (297 observations) during rest and after exercise produced a sample correlation coefficient of 0.998. Subjects enjoy virtually unrestrained mobility using the device, in that attachment to monitoring equipment is limited to electrical leads. Personnel support requirements and errors, associated with conventional procedures, are significantly reduced. The compact nature of the device permits application in almost any experimental design situation including presurized suits and underwater studies.

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The Biochemical, Physiological, and Metabolic Evaluation of Human Subjects in a Life Support Systems Evaluator and on a Diet of Precooked Freeze Dehydrated Foods (Report posted 5/27/2009)

Report Number: AMRL TR 67-12
Author(s): Bernard J. Katchman; George M. Homer; James P. F. Murphy; Dorathea P. Dunco
Corporate Author: Miami Valley Hospital
Laboratory: Biomedical Laboratory
Publication Date: 7/1/1967
Pages: 56
Features: + Table(s)
Contract: AF 33(657)-11716
Project: 7164
Task: 716405
AD Number: AD0658031
Photo Enhancement: Not Needed

Abstract Text:

A 6-week study with four college students as volunteer subjects was conducted for the purpose of evaluating the water, caloric, and protein requirements of individuals undergoing stresses imposed by simulated aerospace conditions. The subjects were confined in a controlled activity facility for 2 weeks and in the Life Support Systems Evaluator for 4 weeks during which time they wore an unpressurized MA-10 pressure suit 8 hours each day for 14 consecutive days. A 3-day cycle diet of pre-cooked freeze dehydrated foods was served at room temperature and was comprised of about 105 g of protein, 328 g of carbohydrate, 89 g of fat, and 2600 kcal per day. The daily requirement of water was 2200 ml per man day of which 700 ml were consumed ad libitum. The diet was highly acceptable and efficiently utilized. Only minimal body weight changes were observed. The nutrient intake of the diet was adequate in that a 70 kg man was maintained without any weight loss. Metabolic balances show excellent adjustment to the diet; all subjects were in positive balance for nitrogen and for the major inorganic constituents. All the clinical data including heart rate, blood pressure, and oral temperature were in the normal ranges and no significant differences were observed due to confinement in the Life Support Systems Evaluator. All subjects maintained excellent health throughout all the test periods.

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